scholarly journals Adverse Effects of Ribavirin and Outcome in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

CHEST Journal ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 128 (1) ◽  
pp. 263-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hsueh-Erh Chiou ◽  
Ching-Lung Liu ◽  
Mary Jeanne Buttrey ◽  
Han-Pin Kuo ◽  
Hui-Wen Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Adverse Effects

COVID-19: Are Experimental Drugs Cure or Ill?

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bensu Karahalil ◽  
Aylin Elkama
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Antiviral Treatment ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Experimental Drugs ◽  
Combined Use ◽  
The World

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a new strain of coronavirus. It is characterized by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It has quickly influenced all over the world since it spreads easily. Common symptoms are fever, cough, difficulty in breathing and muscle aches. Despite the urgent need to find an effective antiviral treatment, already available agents are being used alone or in combination all over the world. At the beginning of the pandemic, death rates of infection caused by COVID-19 are high but "is COVID-19 responsible for all deaths?", or “are there any contributions of the frequently used drugs in this period to these deaths?” Surely herd immunity plays a major role and has the contribution in the decline in mortality rates. Meanwhile, it is kept in mind that due to safety concerns, changes have also been made to the dosage and combined use of frequently used drugs. Objective: In this review, answers to two questions above and the safety of treatments, toxicities of agents involving chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, remdesivir, favipiravir, lopiravir/ritonavir, sarilumab, tocilizumab, siltuximab, corticosteroids and bromhexine which are the most frequently used in both Turkey and all over the world will be summarized. Conclusion: Among these drugs favipiravir seems the most promising drug due to more tolerable adverse effects. More clinical trials with large sample sizes are needed to find the most effective and safe drug for COVID-19 treatment.

scholarly journals Pharmacological Advances of Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine: From Antimalarials to Investigative Therapies in COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (9) ◽  
pp. 1934578X2095364
Author(s):  
Yang Song ◽  
Elise Fields
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Pharmacological Activities ◽  
Pharmaceutical Applications ◽  
Natural Alkaloid ◽  
Derivatives Of ◽  
Existing Chemicals

During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, numerous existing chemicals have been screened for antiviral potential against the emerging coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, after exhibiting potent in vitro efficacy, have gained tremendous attention. Both therapeutics are derivatives of natural alkaloid quinine and were first synthesized to treat malaria. Thereafter, the pharmaceutical applications of the agents have expanded to many new areas. In this article, the medicinal history and pharmacological activities of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are summarized. Antimalarial, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antiviral properties, and therapeutic potential in the emerging viral infection COVID-19 are discussed. Pharmacokinetics, adverse effects, and toxicities are reviewed.

scholarly journals Uncontrolled mass use of hydroxychloroquine

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 396-398
Author(s):  
Tugolbai Tagaev ◽  
Sagynali Mamatov ◽  
Farida Imanalieva ◽  
Vityala Yethindra ◽  
Altynai Zhumabekova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Medical Advice ◽  
Therapeutic Drug ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Weak Base ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2

Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) has previously been shown to inhibit coronavirus replication in vitro. But antiviral properties mechanisms are not well known, HCQ is a weak base that accumulates in lysosomes, modifies their pH, and interferes with some enzymes. In the lack of confirmed efficacy, the initial potential risk is not to expose patients to adverse effects. However, results from preliminary clinical studies have drawn inconclusive results regarding the efficacy of HCQ in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), due to several important weaknesses in research methodologies. Hypokalemia often occurs in patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), possibly due to the particular tropism of SARS-CoV-2 with regard to Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). The wide use of HCQ, even against medical advice, will show an impact on ongoing clinical trials. It is important that we can recruite COVID-19 patients in these research studies to generate appropriate data regarding drugs that show promising efficacy against COVID-19. Currently, only doctors should be allowed to prescribe HCQ, and treatment should be confined to hospital settings, with proper cardiac and therapeutic drug monitoring.

scholarly journals Covid-19 treatment-induced neuropsychiatric adverse effects

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 01-02
Author(s):  
C.A. García
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Distress ◽  
Causative Agent ◽  
Mild Condition ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
High Transmission ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Adverse Effects

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first notified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, and has rapidly spread worldwide, due to its high transmission rate. It has been identified as the causative agent of the now termed coronavirus disease (COVID-19), which can range from mild condition to potentially fatal respiratory distress syndrome

Options for COVID-19 therapeutics: Aerosolized inhalation antibody-conjugated Nano particles.

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (8) ◽  
pp. 4-16
Author(s):  
Humphrey Simukokoa ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Nano Particles ◽  
Gaseous Exchange ◽  
The World ◽  
Nano Medicine ◽  
Higher Doses ◽  
Antibody Technology

The world is currently faced with a very serious crisis to deal with the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2 or Covid-19) pandemic which started in Wuhan, China in December 2019 and has since spread throughout the world, wreaking havoc in many countries. Several efforts are being made to control the spread of the disease around the world and to find a cure or vaccine. As researchers frantically endeavor to identify remedies for covid19, there is the need to identify therapies that offer the quickest, safest actions and remedies that are relatively cheap. We propose the use of aerosolized inhalation antibody conjugated nanoparticles for the treatment of covid-19. It is hypothesized in this proposal that the conjugation of nanoparticles with antibodies and delivering the antibody-nanoparticle conjugate as an aerosol via the respiratory tract would provide the quickest and possibly more efficient and relatively cheap remedy against covid-19. The advantage of the inhalation route for delivering antibody conjugated nanoparticles is that since the medication is delivered directly to the affected site, higher doses will be delivered to the site with reduced systemic toxicity and reduced adverse effects on gaseous exchange. Our hypothesis is based on the current knowledge and observations in the areas of monoclonal antibody technology, advances in nanotechnology and Nano medicine as well as advances in inhalation therapeutics.

scholarly journals Facial and Oral Manifestations Following COVID-19 Vaccination: A Survey-Based Study and a First Perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 4965
Author(s):  
Marta Mazur ◽  
Irena Duś-Ilnicka ◽  
Maciej Jedliński ◽  
Artnora Ndokaj ◽  
Joanna Janiszewska-Olszowska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Medical Personnel ◽  
Oral Manifestations ◽  
Preliminary Survey ◽  
Duration Of Symptoms ◽  
Vaccine Administration ◽  
Oral Symptoms

(1) Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in Wuhan, China, in late 2019. The development of effective and safe vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 has been extremely fast. The list of orofacial adverse effects of BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 vaccines based on the clinical trials are reported to be rare. The aim of this study was to investigate the facial and oral manifestations of COVID-19 vaccination using a survey-based study. (2) Methods: The questionnaire was developed using Google Forms and sent anonymously to a total of 700 subjects (medical personnel) in Poland, Italy, and other EU countries. (3) Results: 223 people answered the questionnaire, mainly vaccinated with BNT162b2. Only 3.1% and 5.4% experienced oral and facial symptoms, respectively. General diseases presence and age have significant influence on the probability of oral symptoms occurrence after the second dose. Facial symptoms are correlated with general disease; autoimmune pathologies and age, at first and second dose, respectively. Gender, smoking and regular medication intake have significant influence on the probability of taking an absence day. Gender, age, and smoking have a significant influence on the duration of symptoms after second dose. (4) Conclusions: Based on the results of this preliminary survey, there is no observed significant correlation between vaccine administration for COVID-19 and facial and oral manifestations.

scholarly journals Preventing the Adverse Effects of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19 through Diet, Supplements, and Lifestyle

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 115
Author(s):  
Ronan Lordan ◽  
William B. Grant
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Diet Supplements

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the pathogen responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the ongoing worldwide pandemic, has cost the lives of almost 5 [...]

scholarly journals MASKNE: Mask-Induced Acne Flare During Coronavirus Disease-19. What is it and How to Manage it?

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (T1) ◽  
pp. 411-415
Author(s):  
Laura Pauline Kosasih
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Rapid Spread

The coronavirus disease (COVID)-19 is a global pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV-2. Due to the rapid spread of the disease, several measures have been proposed to mitigate its transmission, including wearing a mask in certain circumstances. This new proposition leads to some novel skin adverse effects; one of them is acne flare. This particular outbreak has significantly affected people’s quality of life. In this minireview, a brief current knowledge of SARS-CoV-2 and its related-acne-flare, or popularly called as mask-acne (MASKNE), are discussed. This review aims to provide some information that may be helpful in opting for the most suitable management and treatment for each individual.

scholarly journals The Aging Bowel Dysfunction and Elderly Vulnerability towards COVID-19 Infection

Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 97
Author(s):  
Aaron Lerner ◽  
Mark F. McCarty
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Home ◽  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Intestinal Permeability ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Bowel Dysfunction ◽  
Enteric Tract

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, primarily a respiratory tract virus, also affects the enteric organs. The most affected sector of the community are the retirement and nursing home elderly residents. Along their life the senescent gastrointestinal functions are deteriorating and failing to fully execute their digestive, absorptive, mucosal barriers, and immune protective duties. Adding the decreased motility, increased intestinal permeability, dysbiosis, morbid chronic disease background, the consumed polypharmacy enteric adverse effects to the presence of the SARS-CoV-2 host receptor along the intestinal tracts put the basis for the current hypothesis. It is hypothesized that the disadvantages and failures of the aging enteric tract contribute to the elderly morbidity and mortality during the current new coronavirus pandemic. In a more optimistic look, several nutraceuticals can prevent or restore the dysfunctional intestinal barrier functions, mainly in the elderly and potentially in those who are SARS-CoV-2 infected.

scholarly journals The Effects of COVID-19 on the Placenta During Pregnancy

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Habib Sadeghi Rad ◽  
Joan Röhl ◽  
Nataly Stylianou ◽  
Mark C. Allenby ◽  
Sajad Razavi Bazaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Transplacental Transmission ◽  
Maternal Infection ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Protective Mechanisms ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Growing Body

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a global pandemic. The virus primarily affects the lungs where it induces respiratory distress syndrome ranging from mild to acute, however, there is a growing body of evidence supporting its negative effects on other system organs that also carry the ACE2 receptor, such as the placenta. The majority of newborns delivered from SARS-CoV-2 positive mothers test negative following delivery, suggesting that there are protective mechanisms within the placenta. There appears to be a higher incidence of pregnancy-related complications in SARS-CoV-2 positive mothers, such as miscarriage, restricted fetal growth, or still-birth. In this review, we discuss the pathobiology of COVID-19 maternal infection and the potential adverse effects associated with viral infection, and the possibility of transplacental transmission.

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