Children’s Public Health Policy In The United States: How The Past Can Inform The Future

2004 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 147-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard Markel ◽  
Janet Golden
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Health Policy ◽  
Public Health Policy ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future

scholarly journals Infection rate models for COVID-19: Model risk and public health news sentiment exposure adjustments

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. e0253381
Author(s):  
Ioannis Chalkiadakis ◽  
Hongxuan Yan ◽  
Gareth W. Peters ◽  
Pavel V. Shevchenko
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Health Policy ◽  
Public Health Policy ◽  
National Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Model Risk ◽  
Health News ◽  
News Reporting ◽  
Force Of Infection

During the COVID-19 pandemic, governments globally had to impose severe contact restriction measures and social mobility limitations in order to limit the exposure of the population to COVID-19. These public health policy decisions were informed by statistical models for infection rates in national populations. In this work, we are interested in modelling the temporal evolution of national-level infection counts for the United Kingdom (UK—Wales, England, Scotland), Germany (GM), Italy (IT), Spain (SP), Japan (JP), Australia (AU) and the United States (US). We model the national-level infection counts for the period January 2020 to January 2021, thus covering both the pre- and post-vaccine roll-out periods, in order to better understand the most reliable model structure for the COVID-19 epidemic growth curve. We achieve this by exploring a variety of stochastic population growth models and comparing their calibration, with respect to in-sample fitting and out-of-sample forecasting, both with and without exposure adjustment, to the most widely used and reported growth model, the Gompertz population model, often referred to in the public health policy discourse during the COVID-19 pandemic. Model risk as we explore it in this work manifests in the inability to adequately capture the behaviour of the disease progression growth rate curve. Therefore, our concept of model risk is formed relative to the standard reference Gompertz model used by decision-makers, and then we can characterise model risk mathematically as having two components: the dispersion of the observation distribution, and the structure of the intensity function over time for cumulative counts of new infections daily (i.e. the force of infection) attributed directly to the COVID-19 pandemic. We also explore how to incorporate in these population models the effect that governmental interventions have had on the number of infected cases. This is achieved through the development of an exposure adjustment to the force of infection comprised of a purpose-built sentiment index, which we construct from various authoritative public health news reporting. The news reporting media we employed were the New York Times, the Guardian, the Telegraph, Reuters global blog, as well as national and international health authorities: the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, the United States Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, and the World Health Organisation. We find that exposure adjustments that incorporate sentiment are better able to calibrate to early stages of infection spread in all countries under study.

Building Health Promotion Capacity in Developing Countries: Strategies From 60 Years of Experience in the United States

2009 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 464-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth H. Howze ◽  
M. Elaine Auld ◽  
Lynn D. Woodhouse ◽  
Jessica Gershick ◽  
William C. Livingood
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Health Promotion ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Health Policy ◽  
Public Health Policy ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
The United States ◽  
Consensus Conference ◽  
Large Numbers

The Galway Consensus Conference articulated key definitions, principles, values, and core domains of practice as the foundation for the diffusion of health promotion across the globe. The conference occurred in the context of an urgent need for large numbers of trained health workers in developing countries, which face multiple severe threats to the health of their people. In this article, the authors draw on the experience acquired by the health promotion profession in the United States to illustrate what might be done to build health promotion capacity in developing countries. They examine the profession's experience in the areas of accreditation and certification, research and publications, advocating for the profession, and advocating for public health policy. Finally, the authors direct a challenge to the profession in the United States to extend a hand to developing countries to assist them in expanding their capacity to prepare health promotion professionals and deliver health promotion services.

The Contingent Power of Experts: Public Health Policy in the United States, Britain, and France

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Constance A. Nathanson
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Public Policy ◽  
Health Policy ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Public Health Policy ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
The United States ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Social Processes

Dangers to life and health abound. Even among the subset known to medicine and science, however, there is no guarantee that any particular danger will rise to the level of a recognized public health problem or elicit a response from the makers of public policy. The path from knowledge to policy is not straightforward; scientific consensus does not lead automatically to policy consensus. Judgments of what dangers should be most feared, how to explain them, what to do about them, and even whether they are public health problems at all are the outcome of social processes. A couple of examples may help to clarify these points.

scholarly journals The Future of Health Equity in America: Addressing the Multiple, Intersecting Determinants of Health

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supp2) ◽  
pp. 343-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel E. Dawes
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Health Policy ◽  
Health Equity ◽  
Policy Research ◽  
Health Inequities ◽  
The United States ◽  
Determinants Of Health ◽  
Policy Issues ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future

 Even though health equity is a key compo­nent of the transforming journey of health that our nation is embarking on, little has been done to trans-disciplinarily coordinate health policy research and collaboratively address issues driving health inequities. This article examines the past and present health policy issues affecting health equity in the United States and discusses the need to ad­dress the multiple, intersecting determinants of health in order to fully realize health equity and eliminate health disparities in the future. Ethn Dis. 2019;29(Suppl 2): 343- 344; doi:10.18865/ed.29.S2.343.

scholarly journals Perspectives on Fewer Sars-2 Corona virus (COVID-19) Deaths in Africa

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A Anong ◽  
Jude N. Okoyeh
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Health Policy ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Public Health Policy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Developing Nations ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
The World ◽  
Better Than

Globally, more than two million people, about 53,000 in Africa have died from COVID-19 infection. By any metric, Africa has so far fared better than most parts of the world including, some of the most developed and affluent nations like the United States of America in the fight to contain the COVID-19 pandemic. Analysis of published COVID-19 data shows that Africa, with a population four times greater than that of the United States recorded forty times less number of positive cases and at least thirty fold decrease in the number of COVID-19 deaths. The data also demonstrates that the population case positivity and fatality rates in Europe are respectively ~24 and ~23 folds greater than those of Africa. The vast disparity in the metrics between advanced nations in Europe and the United States, with substantial healthcare budgets and the developing nations of Africa is worth examining.  In this article, we offer some perspectives to explain Africa’s low case positivity and death rates from COVID-19 infections. While many factors contribute to the world’s collective vulnerability to the pandemic, structural, demographic and sound public health policy together are essential in fighting off the disease.

Persons with Disabilities and Public Health Ethics

2019 ◽  
pp. 218-231
Author(s):  
Monika Mitra ◽  
Linda Long-Bellil ◽  
Robyn Powell
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Policy ◽  
Public Health Policy ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Persons With Disabilities ◽  
Public Health Decision ◽  
Health Decision ◽  
Health Policy And Practice

This chapter draws on medical, social, and legal perspectives to identify and highlight ethical issues pertaining to the treatment, representation, and inclusion of persons with disabilities in public health policy and practice. A brief history of disability in the United States is provided as a context for examining the key ethical issues related to public health policy and practice. Conceptual frameworks and approaches to disability are then described and applied. The chapter then discusses the imperativeness of expanding access to public health programs by persons with disabilities, the need to address implicit and structural biases, and the importance of including persons with disabilities in public health decision-making.

Driving and Public Health

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Cell Phone ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Electronic Device ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
The United States ◽  
Distracted Driving ◽  
The Past

Distracted driving is defined in the Oxford English Dictionary as “the practice of driving a motor vehicle while engaged in another activity, typically one that involves the use of a mobile phone or other electronic device.” However, other distractions not involving the use of a cell phone or texting are important as well, contributing to this burgeoning public health problem in the United States. Examples include talking to other passengers, adjusting the radio or other controls in the car, and daydreaming. Distracted driving has been linked to increased risk of motor vehicle crashes (MVCs) in the United States, representing one of the most preventable leading causes of death for youth ages 16 to 24 years. Undoubtedly, the proliferation of cell phone, global positioning system (GPS), and other in-vehicle and personal electronic device use while driving has led to this rise in distracted driving prevalence. This behavior has impacted society—including individual and commercial drivers, passengers, pedestrians—in countless numbers of ways, ranging from increased MVCs and deaths to the enactment of new driving laws. In 2016, for example, 20 percent of all US pediatric deaths (nearly 4,000 children and adolescents) were due to fatal MVCs. It has been estimated that at any given time, more than 650,000 drivers are using cell phones or manipulating electronic devices while driving. In the United States, efforts are underway to reduce this driving behavior. In the past two decades, state and federal laws have specifically targeted cell phone use and texting while driving as priority areas for legal intervention. Distracted driving laws have become “strategies of choice” for tackling this public health problem, though their enforcement has emerged as a major challenge and varies by jurisdiction and location. Multimodal interventions using models such as the “three Es” framework—Enactment of a law, Education of the public about the law and safety practices, and Enforcement of the law—have become accepted practice or viewed as necessary steps to successfully change this behavior caused by distractions while driving. This Oxford Bibliographies review introduces these and other aspects (including psychological influences and road conditions) of distracted driving through a presentation of annotated resources from peer- and non-peer-reviewed literature. This selective review aims to provide policymakers, program implementers, and researchers with a reliable source of information on the past and current state of American laws, policies, and priorities for distracted driving.

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