Australia’s ‘Fourth Hurdle’ Drug Review Comparing Costs And Benefits Holds Lessons For The United States

2013 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 778-787 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Lopert ◽  
Adam G. Elshaug
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Fourth Hurdle ◽  
Drug Review

scholarly journals Potential Data Sources for a New Study of Social Mobility in the United States

2014 ◽  
Vol 657 (1) ◽  
pp. 208-246
Author(s):  
John Robert Warren
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Population Survey ◽  
Data Access ◽  
The United States ◽  
Community Survey ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
American Community Survey ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Trade Offs

In this article I define the main criteria that ought to be considered in evaluating the costs and benefits of various data resources that might be used for a new study of social and economic mobility in the United States. These criteria include population definition and coverage, sample size, topical coverage, temporal issues, spatial issues, sustainability, financial expense, and privacy and data access. I use these criteria to evaluate the strengths and weakness of several possible data resources for a new study of mobility, including existing smaller-scale surveys, the Current Population Survey, the American Community Survey, linked administrative data, and a new stand-alone survey. No option is perfect, and all involve trade-offs. I conclude by recommending five possible designs that are particularly strong on the criteria listed above.

Policy Punctuations and Regulatory Drug Review

2003 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen J. Ceccoli
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Regulatory Review ◽  
Review Time ◽  
University Center ◽  
The Past ◽  
Percent Increase ◽  
New Chemical Entities ◽  
Drug Review

The FDA has dramatically decreased the regulatory review time for new drugs since the early 1990s. For example, according to the Tufts University Center for the Study of Drug Development (CSDD), which conducts triennial analyses of new drug approvals in the United States, the average FDA review time for approved New Chemical Entities (NCEs) decreased from 35.6 months in 1984–86 to 16.8 months in 1996–98. Thus, in a little more than a decade, the FDA has essentially cut its average review time in half. In addition to the declining review times, the agency's workload, as measured in terms of the number of drugs approved each year, also rose considerably in the 1990s. Specifically, the agency approved a total of 232 NCEs between 1993 and 1999, compared to just 163 approvals during the previous seven-year span—a 42 percent increase. Figures 1 and 2 illustrate the agency's decreased review times and increased workload, respectively. Thus, over the past decade the FDA has approved more drugs and done so in less time than at any other period in history. Simply stated, this change in regulatory performance, especially the declining review times, has been absolutely stunning.

Nationalization and Privatization: A Rational-Choice Perspective on Efficiency

1990 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen M. Pint
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Interest Groups ◽  
Rational Choice ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Policy Design ◽  
The United States ◽  
Organized Labor ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Post War

ABSTRACTThis paper analyzes the use of nationalization and privatization policies to redistribute costs and benefits among interest groups, using a rational-choice framework. The major cases considered are the post-war nationalizations and the current wave of privatizations in the United Kingdom, plus France and the United States. The analysis indicates that governments tend to redistribute benefits to more concentrated interest groups, such as organized labor or shareholders, and to impose costs on more diffuse groups, such as consumers and taxpayers. This type of redistribution is often economically inefficient, but politically efficient for the party in power. Policy design is also influenced by the ease with which policies can be changed by future governments within the prevailing political institutions.

Moscow's Proxy? Cuba and Africa 1975–1988

2006 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 98-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piero Gleijeses
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Costs And Benefits

This article explores the role that Cuba played in Africa after its dispatch of 36,000 soldiers to Angola in late 1975 and the first few months of 1976. The article focuses on the two most important aspects of Cuba's policy in Africa after 1976: its intervention in Ethiopia in 1977–1978; and its continuing presence in Angola, a presence that continued until 1991. The article analyzes Cuba's motivations, the extent to which Fidel Castro's policy was a function of Soviet demands, and the effect of Cuba's policy in Africa on relations with the United States. The concluding section offers an assessment of the costs and benefits of Cuba's policy.

The Morality and Utility of Organ Transplantation

Utilitas ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Audi
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Organ Transplantation ◽  
Human Life ◽  
The United States ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Common Procedure ◽  
Ethical Problems ◽  
Moral Principles ◽  
Organ Sales ◽  
Donor Recruitment

Organ transplantation is at once a technology that raises new ethical problems and a good testing ground for various moral principles. It has become a common procedure in some countries and, at least in the United States, promises to become even more so. It poses questions about costs and benefits as well as the very large question of whether we should try to renew human life indefinitely and, if so, at what cost. It raises the problem of whether organs are the property of their possessors – at least when the possessors are competent adults. It raises issues of organ sales, of what might be called donor recruitment, of informed consent, of reparations when transplant fails, of eligibility for transplant, and of competition for medical time and expertise between transplantation and other, less dramatic kinds of medical care. This essay touches on all of these topics, with the aim of identifying the broad dimensions of the ethical problems of organ transplantation and some of the moral principles that may help us solve them.

Recentralizing Industrial Relations? Local Unions and the Politics of Insourcing in Three North American Automakers

ILR Review ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 001979392110151
Author(s):  
Mathieu Dupuis ◽  
Ian Greer
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North American ◽  
Industrial Relations ◽  
The United States ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Labor Management ◽  
Vertical Disintegration ◽  
Plant Level ◽  
Original Equipment Manufacturers

Since the auto industry’s 2008 crisis, the decades-long trend toward outsourcing by the Detroit Three automakers has stalled. During and after the crisis, original equipment manufacturers moved work inside their corporate boundaries, including the purchase of eight previously spun-off parts plants. Why has this happened? Drawing on 77 interviews in the United States and Canada and 27 insourcing cases, the authors explore how and why insourcing has taken place. Past literature has considered the costs and benefits of creating the vertically integrated corporation, the managerial politics behind vertical disintegration, and the labor–management relations that shape both. While much industrial relations scholarship points to decentralized plant-level partnerships as a union strategy to win investment, the authors find that local unionists are intervening in the politics of the corporation above the plant level to influence the purchasing, manufacturing, and engineering functions that determine the sourcing decision.

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