scholarly journals Defects in intracellular trafficking of fungal cell wall synthases lead to aberrant host immune recognition

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. e1007126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shannon K. Esher ◽  
Kyla S. Ost ◽  
Maria A. Kohlbrenner ◽  
Kaila M. Pianalto ◽  
Calla L. Telzrow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Intracellular Trafficking ◽  
Fungal Cell Wall ◽  
Immune Recognition ◽  
Fungal Cell

scholarly journals Mannan detecting C-type lectin receptor probes recognise immune epitopes with diverse chemical, spatial and phylogenetic heterogeneity in fungal cell walls

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingrida Vendele ◽  
Janet A. Willment ◽  
Lisete M. Silva ◽  
Angelina S. Palma ◽  
Wengang Chai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Fungal Cell Wall ◽  
Immune Recognition ◽  
Cell Surfaces ◽  
Fungal Cell ◽  
Wall Components

AbstractDuring the course of fungal infection, pathogen recognition by the innate immune system is critical to initiate efficient protective immune responses. The primary event that triggers immune responses is the binding of Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs), which are expressed at the surface of host immune cells, to Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) located predominantly in the fungal cell wall. Most fungi have mannosylated PAMPs in their cell walls and these are recognized by a range of C-type lectin receptors (CTLs). However, the precise spatial distribution of the ligands that induce immune responses within the cell walls of fungi are not well defined. We used recombinant IgG Fc-CTLs fusions of three murine mannan detecting CTLs, including dectin-2, the mannose receptor (MR) carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs) 4-7 (CRD4-7), and human DC-SIGN (hDC-SIGN) and the β-1,3 glucan-binding lectin dectin-1 to map PRR ligands in the fungal cell wall. We show that epitopes of mannan-specific CTL receptors can be clustered or diffuse, superficial or buried in the inner cell wall. We demonstrate that PRR ligands do not correlate well with phylogenetic relationships between fungi, and that Fc-lectin binding discriminated between mannosides expressed on different cell morphologies of the same fungus. We also demonstrate CTL epitope differentiation during different phases of the growth cycle ofCandida albicansand that MR and DC-SIGN labelled outer chainN-mannans whilst dectin-2 labelled coreN-mannans displayed deeper in the cell wall. These immune receptor maps of fungal walls therefore reveal remarkable spatial, temporal and chemical diversity, indicating that the triggering of immune recognition events originates from multiple physical origins at the fungal cell surface.Author SummaryInvasive fungal infections remain an important health problem in immunocompromised patients. Immune recognition of fungal pathogens involves binding of specific cell wall components by pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) and subsequent activation of immune defences. Some cell wall components are conserved among fungal species while other components are species-specific and phenotypically diverse. The fungal cell wall is dynamic and capable of changing its composition and organization when adapting to different growth niches and environmental stresses. Differences in the composition of the cell wall lead to differential immune recognition by the host. Understanding how changes in the cell wall composition affect recognition by PRRs is likely to be of major diagnostic and clinical relevance. Here we address this fundamental question using four soluble immune receptor-probes which recognize mannans and β-glucan in the cell wall. We use this novel methodology to demonstrate that mannan epitopes are differentially distributed in the inner and outer layers of fungal cell wall in a clustered or diffuse manner. Immune reactivity of fungal cell surfaces did not correlate with relatedness of different fungal species, and mannan-detecting receptor-probes discriminated between cell surface mannans generated by the same fungus growing under different conditions. These studies demonstrate that mannan-epitopes on fungal cell surfaces are differentially distributed within and between the cell walls of fungal pathogens.

Recent Status and Advancements in the Development of Antifungal Agents: Highlights on Plant and Marine Based Antifungals

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 812-830 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Marie Arockianathan ◽  
Monika Mishra ◽  
Rituraj Niranjan
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Antifungal Agents ◽  
Fungal Diseases ◽  
Fungal Cell Wall ◽  
Fungal Resistance ◽  
Ergosterol Biosynthesis ◽  
Fungal Cell ◽  
Ergosterol Synthesis ◽  
Glucan Synthesis ◽  
Anti Fungal

The developing resistance in fungi has become a key challenge, which is being faced nowadays with the available antifungal agents in the market. Further search for novel compounds from different sources has been explored to meet this problem. The current review describes and highlights recent advancement in the antifungal drug aspects from plant and marine based sources. The current available antifungal agents act on specific targets on the fungal cell wall, like ergosterol synthesis, chitin biosynthesis, sphingolipid synthesis, glucan synthesis etc. We discuss some of the important anti-fungal agents like azole, polyene and allylamine classes that inhibit the ergosterol biosynthesis. Echinocandins inhibit β-1, 3 glucan synthesis in the fungal cell wall. The antifungals poloxins and nikkomycins inhibit fungal cell wall component chitin. Apart from these classes of drugs, several combinatorial therapies have been carried out to treat diseases due to fungal resistance. Recently, many antifungal agents derived from plant and marine sources showed potent activity. The renewed interest in plant and marine derived compounds for the fungal diseases created a new way to treat these resistant strains which are evident from the numerous literature publications in the recent years. Moreover, the compounds derived from both plant and marine sources showed promising results against fungal diseases. Altogether, this review article discusses the current antifungal agents and highlights the plant and marine based compounds as a potential promising antifungal agents.

Fungal Cell Wall‐Graphene Oxide Microcomposite Membrane for Organic Solvent Nanofiltration

2021 ◽  
pp. 2100110
Author(s):  
Liyuan Zhang ◽  
Mengchen Zhang ◽  
Gongping Liu ◽  
Wanqin Jin ◽  
Xiaoyan Li
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Graphene Oxide ◽  
Organic Solvent ◽  
Fungal Cell Wall ◽  
Fungal Cell ◽  
Organic Solvent Nanofiltration

The Fungal Cell Wall

2020 ◽  
pp. 3-29
Author(s):  
Vladimir Farkaš
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Fungal Cell Wall ◽  
Fungal Cell
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