scholarly journals Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides are associated with distinct redox control of germination in Acer seeds with contrasting physiology

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. e0245635
Author(s):  
Shirin Alipour ◽  
Karolina Bilska ◽  
Ewelina Stolarska ◽  
Natalia Wojciechowska ◽  
Ewa Marzena Kalemba
Keyword(s):  
Reducing Power ◽  
Redox Balance ◽  
Redox Status ◽  
Nicotinamide Adenine ◽  
Post Translational Modification ◽  
Embryonic Axes ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Norway Maple ◽  
Important Player ◽  
Metabolic Reactions

Seed germination is a complex process enabling plant reproduction. Germination was found to be regulated at the proteome, metabolome and hormonal levels as well as via discrete post-translational modification of proteins including phosphorylation and carbonylation. Redox balance is also involved but less studied. Acer seeds displaying orthodox and recalcitrant characteristics were investigated to determine the levels of redox couples of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) phosphate (NADP) and integrated with the levels of ascorbate and glutathione. NAD and NADP concentrations were higher in Norway maple seeds and exceptionally high at the germinated stage, being the most contrasting parameter between germinating Acer seeds. In contrast, NAD(P)H/NAD(P)+ ratios were higher in sycamore seeds, thus exhibiting higher reducing power. Despite distinct concentrations of ascorbate and glutathione, both seed types attained in embryonic axes and cotyledons had similar ratios of reduced/oxidized forms of ascorbate and half-cell reduction potential of glutathione at the germinated stage. Both species accomplished germination displaying different strategies to modulate redox status. Sycamore produced higher amounts of ascorbate and maintained pyridine nucleotides in reduced forms. Interestingly, lower NAD(P) concentrations limited the regeneration of ascorbate and glutathione but dynamically drove metabolic reactions, particularly in this species, and contributed to faster germination. We suggest that NAD(P) is an important player in regulating redox status during germination in a distinct manner in Norway maple and sycamore seeds.

NAD(P)-Driven Redox Status Contributes to Desiccation Tolerance in Acer seeds

2020 ◽  
Vol 61 (6) ◽  
pp. 1158-1167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shirin Alipour ◽  
Natalia Wojciechowska ◽  
Ewelina Stolarska ◽  
Karolina Bilska ◽  
Ewa Marzena Kalemba
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Desiccation Tolerance ◽  
Reducing Power ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Redox Status ◽  
Redox Signaling ◽  
Embryonic Axes ◽  
Antioxidant Responses ◽  
Norway Maple

Abstract Desiccation tolerance is a developmental program enabling seed survival in a dry state and is common in seeds categorized as orthodox. We focused on NAD and its phosphorylated form (NADP) because their continual switching between reduced (NAD(P)H) and oxidized (NAD(P)+) forms is involved in the modulation of redox signaling and the determination of the reducing power and further antioxidant responses. Norway maple and sycamore seeds representing the orthodox and recalcitrant categories, respectively, were used as models in a comparison of responses to water loss. The process of desiccation up to 10% water content (WC) was monitored in Norway maple seeds, while dehydration up to 30% WC was monitored in desiccation-sensitive sycamore seeds. Norway maple and sycamore seeds, particularly their embryonic axes, exhibited a distinct redox status during dehydration and desiccation. High NADPH levels, NAD+ accumulation, low and stable NAD(P)H/NAD(P)+ ratios expressed as reducing power and high NADPH-dependent enzyme activity were reported in Norway maple seeds and were considered attributes of orthodox-type seeds. The contrasting results of sycamore seeds contributed to their low antioxidant capacity and high sensitivity to desiccation. NADPH deficiency, low NADPH-dependent enzyme activity and lack of NAD+ accumulation were primary features of sycamore seeds, with implications for their NAD(P)H/NAD(P)+ ratios and reducing power and with effects on many seed traits. Thus, we propose that the distinct levels of pyridine nucleotides and their redox status contribute to orthodox and recalcitrant phenotype differentiation in seeds by affecting cellular redox signaling, metabolism and the antioxidant system.

scholarly journals Peptide-Bound Methionine Sulfoxide (MetO) Levels and MsrB2 Abundance Are Differentially Regulated during the Desiccation Phase in Contrasted Acer Seeds

Antioxidants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Wojciechowska ◽  
Shirin Alipour ◽  
Ewelina Stolarska ◽  
Karolina Bilska ◽  
Pascal Rey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Desiccation Tolerance ◽  
Methionine Sulfoxide ◽  
Redox Status ◽  
Embryonic Axes ◽  
Seed Desiccation ◽  
Methionine Sulfoxide Reductases ◽  
Norway Maple ◽  
Orthodox Seeds ◽  
Oxidation Of Methionine ◽  
Reduced Forms

Norway maple and sycamore produce desiccation-tolerant (orthodox) and desiccation-sensitive (recalcitrant) seeds, respectively. Drying affects reduction and oxidation (redox) status in seeds. Oxidation of methionine to methionine sulfoxide (MetO) and reduction via methionine sulfoxide reductases (Msrs) have never been investigated in relation to seed desiccation tolerance. MetO levels and the abundance of Msrs were investigated in relation to levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion radical and hydroxyl radical (•OH), and the levels of ascorbate and glutathione redox couples in gradually dried seeds. Peptide-bound MetO levels were positively correlated with ROS concentrations in the orthodox seeds. In particular, •OH affected MetO levels as well as the abundance of MsrB2 solely in the embryonic axes of Norway maple seeds. In this species, MsrB2 was present in oxidized and reduced forms, and the latter was favored by reduced glutathione and ascorbic acid. In contrast, sycamore seeds accumulated higher ROS levels. Additionally, MsrB2 was oxidized in sycamore throughout dehydration. In this context, the three elements •OH level, MetO content and MsrB2 abundance, linked together uniquely to Norway maple seeds, might be considered important players of the redox network associated with desiccation tolerance.

scholarly journals Visualization of the Redox Status of Cytosolic Glutathione Using the Organelle- and Cytoskeleton-Targeted Redox Sensors

Antioxidants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 129
Author(s):  
Yuta Hatori ◽  
Takanori Kubo ◽  
Yuichiro Sato ◽  
Sachiye Inouye ◽  
Reiko Akagi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Biological Membrane ◽  
Redox Homeostasis ◽  
Redox Balance ◽  
Redox Status ◽  
Golgi Body ◽  
Redox Equilibrium ◽  
Cytosolic Glutathione ◽  
Redox Sensors ◽  
Subcellular Resolution

Glutathione is a small thiol-containing peptide that plays a central role in maintaining cellular redox homeostasis. Glutathione serves as a physiologic redox buffer by providing thiol electrons for catabolizing harmful oxidants and reversing oxidative effects on biomolecules. Recent evidence suggests that the balance of reduced and oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) defines the redox states of Cys residues in proteins and fine-tunes their stabilities and functions. To elucidate the redox balance of cellular glutathione at subcellular resolution, a number of redox-sensitive green fluorescent protein (roGFP) variants have been developed. In this study, we constructed and functionally validated organelle- and cytoskeleton-targeted roGFP and elucidated the redox status of the cytosolic glutathione at a subcellular resolution. These new redox sensors firmly established a highly reduced redox equilibrium of cytosolic glutathione, wherein significant deviation was observed among cells. By targeting the sensor to the cytosolic and lumen sides of the Golgi membrane, we identified a prominent redox gradient across the biological membrane at the Golgi body. The results demonstrated that organelle- and cytoskeleton-targeted sensors enable the assessment of glutathione oxidation near the cytosolic surfaces of different organelle membranes.

scholarly journals Development of a novel molecular probe for the detection of liver mitochondrial redox metabolism

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Zahangir Hosain ◽  
Fuminori Hyodo ◽  
Takeshi Mori ◽  
Koyo Takahashi ◽  
Yusuke Nagao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Redox Status ◽  
Pharmacological Therapy ◽  
Molecular Probe ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Carnitine Transporter ◽  
Aqueous Environments ◽  
Metabolic Reactions

Abstract Redox status influences the course of the inflammatory, metabolic, and proliferative liver diseases. Oxidative stress is thought to play a crucial and sustained role in the pathological progression of early steatosis to severe hepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Oxidative stress induced by reactive oxygen species which are generated in the mitochondria can lead to chronic organelle damage in hepatocytes. Currently, the diagnosis of liver disease requires liver biopsy, which is invasive and associated with complications. The present report describes the development of a novel molecular probe, EDA-PROXYL, with higher reactivity and mitochondrial selectivity than standard carboxyl-PROXYL and carbamoyl-PROXYL probes. The membrane permeability of our probe improved in aqueous environments which led to increased accumulation in the liver and interaction of EDA-PROXYL with the carnitine transporter via the amine (NH3+) group further increased accumulation. This increased mitochondrial sensitivity and enhanced accumulation highlight the potential of EDA-PROXYL as a molecular probe for determining metabolic reactions of the mitochondria. Thus, this novel probe could be a tool for the evaluation of redox status of the mitochondria to assess the degree of liver injury and, ultimately, the response to pharmacological therapy.

scholarly journals Involvement of the MetO/Msr System in Two Acer Species That Display Contrasting Characteristics during Germination

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (23) ◽  
pp. 9197
Author(s):  
Natalia Wojciechowska ◽  
Shirin Alipour ◽  
Ewelina Stolarska ◽  
Karolina Bilska ◽  
Pascal Rey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydroxyl Radicals ◽  
Superoxide Anion ◽  
Redox Homeostasis ◽  
Methionine Sulfoxide ◽  
Redox System ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Embryonic Axes ◽  
Methionine Sulfoxide Reductases ◽  
Germination Process ◽  
Norway Maple

The levels of methionine sulfoxide (MetO) and the abundances of methionine sulfoxide reductases (Msrs) were reported as important for the desiccation tolerance of Acer seeds. To determine whether the MetO/Msrs system is related to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and involved in the regulation of germination in orthodox and recalcitrant seeds, Norway maple and sycamore were investigated. Changes in water content, MetO content, the abundance of MsrB1 and MsrB2 in relation to ROS content and the activity of reductases depending on nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides were monitored. Acer seeds differed in germination speed—substantially higher in sycamore—hydration dynamics, levels of hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion radicals (O2•−) and hydroxyl radicals (•OH), which exhibited peaks at different stages of germination. The MetO level dynamically changed, particularly in sycamore embryonic axes, where it was positively correlated with the levels of O2•− and the abundance of MsrB1 and negatively with the levels of •OH and the abundance of MsrB2. The MsrB2 abundance increased upon sycamore germination; in contrast, it markedly decreased in Norway maple. We propose that the ROS–MetO–Msr redox system, allowing balanced Met redox homeostasis, participates in the germination process in sycamore, which is characterized by a much higher speed compared to Norway maple.

scholarly journals Sex and SP-A2 Dependent NAD(H) Redox Alterations in Mouse Alveolar Macrophages in Response to Ozone Exposure: Potential Implications for COVID-19

Antioxidants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 915
Author(s):  
He N. Xu ◽  
Zhenwu Lin ◽  
Chintan K. Gandhi ◽  
Shaili Amatya ◽  
Yunhua Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alveolar Macrophages ◽  
Imaging Technique ◽  
Redox Balance ◽  
Surfactant Protein ◽  
Redox Status ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Ozone Exposure ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Immune Molecule ◽  
Air Control

Co-enzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(H)) redox plays a key role in macrophage function. Surfactant protein (SP-) A modulates the functions of alveolar macrophages (AM) and ozone (O3) exposure in the presence or absence of SP-A and reduces mouse survival in a sex-dependent manner. It is unclear whether and how NAD(H) redox status plays a role in the innate immune response in a sex-dependent manner. We investigated the NAD(H) redox status of AM from SP-A2 and SP-A knockout (KO) mice in response to O3 or filtered air (control) exposure using optical redox imaging technique. We found: (i) In SP-A2 mice, the redox alteration of AM in response to O3 showed sex-dependence with AM from males being significantly more oxidized and having a higher level of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species than females; (ii) AM from KO mice were more oxidized after O3 exposure and showed no sex differences; (iii) AM from female KO mice were more oxidized than female SP-A2 mice; and (iv) Two distinct subpopulations characterized by size and redox status were observed in a mouse AM sample. In conclusions, the NAD(H) redox balance in AM responds to O3 in a sex-dependent manner and the innate immune molecule, SP-A2, contributes to this observed sex-specific redox response.

scholarly journals Expression of genes related to soil flooding tolerance in soybeans

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. e42709
Author(s):  
Gabriele Casarotto ◽  
Tiago Edu Kaspary ◽  
Luan Cutti ◽  
André Luis Thomas ◽  
Jose Fernandes Barbosa Neto
Keyword(s):  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Reducing Power ◽  
Redox Status ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Xyloglucan Endotransglycosylase ◽  
Relative Expression ◽  
Soil Flooding ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Soybean Plants

The flooded environment brings about injuries to soybeans that vary depending on the adaptation ability of the genotype. Oxygen deprivation promotes the induction of the expression of genes related to glycolysis and fermentation pathways to maintain energy metabolism and, in addition to reducing-power consuming processes, act in the formation of adaptive structures and the maintenance of the redox status of the plant. The aim of this work was to evaluate the relative expression of genes related to soil flooding response in two contrasting soybean cultivars. Soybean plants of the sensitive (BRS 154) and tolerant (I27) cultivars at the V1 development stage were submitted to the flooding and control conditions (without flooding) for 0, 24, 48, and 96 hours. The relative expression of genes associated with flooding, including enolase (ENO), alcohol dehydrogenase 1 (ADH1), alanine aminotransferase 2 (ALAT2), hemoglobin 1 (GLB1), LOB41 domain-containing protein (LBD41), xyloglucan endotransglycosylase (XETP) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX2), was evaluated by means of RT-qPCR. The relative expression, in general, increased with flooding, especially in the root tissue. Cultivar I27 responded positively as observed by the expression of the maintenance genes of energy metabolism, structural changes and detoxification, suggesting the presence of three tolerance mechanisms in the flooding response.

scholarly journals A Regulatory Role of NAD Redox Status on Flavin Cofactor Homeostasis inS. cerevisiaeMitochondria

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa Anna Giancaspero ◽  
Vittoria Locato ◽  
Maria Barile
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide ◽  
Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide ◽  
Redox Balance ◽  
Redox Status ◽  
Cellular Redox ◽  
Isolated Mitochondria ◽  
Nudix Hydrolases ◽  
Order Of Magnitude

Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) are two redox cofactors of pivotal importance for mitochondrial functionality and cellular redox balance. Despite their relevance, the mechanism by which intramitochondrial NAD(H) and FAD levels are maintained remains quite unclear inSaccharomyces cerevisiae. We investigated here the ability of isolated mitochondria to degrade externally added FAD and NAD (in both its reduced and oxidized forms). A set of kinetic experiments demonstrated that mitochondrial FAD and NAD(H) destroying enzymes are different from each other and from the already characterized NUDIX hydrolases. We studied here, in some detail, FAD pyrophosphatase (EC 3.6.1.18), which is inhibited by NAD+and NADH according to a noncompetitive inhibition, withKivalues that differ from each other by an order of magnitude. These findings, together with the ability of mitochondrial FAD pyrophosphatase to metabolize endogenous FAD, presumably deriving from mitochondrial holoflavoproteins destined to degradation, allow for proposing a novel possible role of mitochondrial NAD redox status in regulating FAD homeostasis and/or flavoprotein degradation inS. cerevisiae.

Ascorbate and glutathione metabolism during development and desiccation of orthodox and recalcitrant seeds of the genus Acer

2007 ◽  
Vol 34 (7) ◽  
pp. 601 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanislawa Pukacka ◽  
Ewelina Ratajczak
Keyword(s):  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Desiccation Tolerance ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Redox Status ◽  
Seed Maturation ◽  
Monodehydroascorbate Reductase ◽  
Acer Pseudoplatanus ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Norway Maple ◽  
Glutathione Cycle

The ascorbate–glutathione system was studied during development and desiccation of seeds of two Acer species differing in desiccation tolerance: Norway maple (Acer platanoides L., orthodox) and sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus L., recalcitrant). The results showed remarkable differences in the concentration and redox balance of ascorbate and glutathione between these two kinds of seeds during development, and a significant dependence between glutathione content and acquisition of desiccation tolerance in Norway maple seeds. There were relatively small differences between the species in the activities of enzymes of the ascorbate–glutathione cycle: ascorbate peroxidase (APX, EC 1.11.1.11), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MR, EC 1.6.5.4), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR, EC 1.8.5.1), and glutathione reductase (GR, EC 1.6.4.2). At the end of seed maturation, ascorbic acid content and the activities of the above enzymes was about the same in both species The electrophoretic pattern of APX isoenzymes was also similar for both species, and the intensity of the bands decreased at the end of seed maturation in both species. When sycamore seeds were desiccated to a moisture content of less than 26%, there was a marked decrease in seed viability and an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species. During desiccation, Norway maple seeds had a more active defence system, which was reflected in a higher glutathione content, a higher glutathione redox status, a higher ascorbate redox status, and higher activities of APX, MR, DHAR, GR and GPX (glutathione peroxidase). During desiccation, sulfhydryl-to-disulfide transition into proteins was more intense in Norway maple seeds than sycamore seeds. All of these results suggest that, in orthodox seeds, the ascorbate–glutathione cycle plays an important role in the acquisition of tolerance to desiccation, in protein maturation, and in protection from reactive oxygen species.

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