scholarly journals Evidence for Co-evolution of West Nile Virus and House Sparrows in North America

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. e3262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nisha K. Duggal ◽  
Angela Bosco-Lauth ◽  
Richard A. Bowen ◽  
Sarah S. Wheeler ◽  
William K. Reisen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
North America ◽  
West Nile ◽  
House Sparrows

West Nile Virus: Deaths of Crows and Humans

2020 ◽  
pp. 261-280
Author(s):  
Michael B. A. Oldstone
Keyword(s):  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
North America ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Severe Form ◽  
The West ◽  
West Nile ◽  
House Sparrows ◽  
House Finches ◽  
High Virus

This chapter addresses West Nile virus, the cause of a formerly unknown disease whose path through America was a trail of dead birds and dead people. West Nile virus is currently the most common and severe form of mosquito-borne encephalitis in North America. At present, West Nile virus has been isolated from over 300 species of birds. The infected birds fall into two major groups: those that carry the virus and are asymptomatic and those that develop an often fatal neurologic disease. Crows, jays, magpies, and house finches, upon infection, develop high virus loads and rapidly infect the mosquitoes that prey on them. House sparrows are also reservoirs for high titers of West Nile virus and play a role in the virus’ transmission in city areas. Humans are incidental/accidental hosts in the natural mosquito–bird cycle of this viral infection. Most humans who become infected have received bites from mosquitoes carrying the West Nile virus. The viruses then replicate at the bite site and likely spread to specialized cells, dendritic cells, which act as processors of foreign antigens. Viruses may also travel directly from the bite site into and through the blood.

West Nile Virus new to North America

1999 ◽  
Vol 19 (11) ◽  
pp. 680-683
Author(s):  
William E. Jones
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
North America ◽  
West Nile

scholarly journals Experimental infection of house sparrows (Passer domesticus) with West Nile virus strains of lineages 1 and 2

2014 ◽  
Vol 172 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 542-547 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Del Amo ◽  
Francisco Llorente ◽  
Elisa Pérez-Ramirez ◽  
Ramón C. Soriguer ◽  
Jordi Figuerola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Experimental Infection ◽  
Passer Domesticus ◽  
West Nile ◽  
House Sparrows ◽  
Virus Strains

Early Evening Questing and Oviposition Activity by the Culex (Diptera: Culicidae) Vectors of West Nile Virus in Northeastern North America

2007 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael R. Reddy ◽  
Timothy J. Lepore ◽  
Richard J. Pollack ◽  
Anthony E. Kiszewski ◽  
Andrew Spielman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
North America ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Northeastern North America ◽  
Early Evening

scholarly journals West Nile Virus Devastates an American Crow Population

The Condor ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 107 (1) ◽  
pp. 128-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolee Caffrey ◽  
Shauna C. R. Smith ◽  
Tiffany J. Weston
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
North America ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Total Loss ◽  
West Nile ◽  
American Crow ◽  
Corvus Brachyrhynchos ◽  
American Crows

Abstract In its spread west across North America in 2002, West Nile virus (WNV) reached a population of marked American Crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) in Stillwater, Oklahoma, in late summer. Within two months, 46 of 120 individuals were missing or known to be dead, 39 of which (33% of the population) are estimated to have died for WNV-related reasons. In 2003, 56 of 78 marked crows disappeared or were found dead between June and November. Five of the 28 juvenile losses were possibly unrelated to WNV, thus we estimate that 65% of our population died because of this pathogen in 2003. The total loss of 72% of population members, including 82% of juveniles, in a single year of WNV exposure raises concern for precipitous declines in American Crow populations in coming years. El Virus del Nilo Occidental Devasta una Población de Corvus brachyrhynchos Resumen. En su diseminación hacia el oeste de América del Norte durante 2002, el Virus del Nilo Occidental alcanzó a fines del verano una población marcada de Corvus brachyrhynchos en Stillwater, Oklahoma. En menos de dos meses, 46 de los 120 individuos registrados desaparecieron o murieron, 39 de los cuales (33% de la población) estimamos que murieron por causas relacionadas con el virus. En 2003, 56 de los 78 cuervos marcados desaparecieron o fueron encontrados muertos entre junio y noviembre. Cinco de las 28 pérdidas de juveniles posiblemente no estuvieron relacionadas con el virus, por lo que estimamos que el 65% de nuestra población murió a causa de este patógeno en 2003. La pérdida total del 72% de los miembros de la población, incluyendo el 82% de los juveniles, en un solo año de exposición al virus plantea preocupaciones en cuanto a la posibilidad de una disminución precipitada de las poblaciones de C. brachyrhynchos en los próximos años.

scholarly journals On the Fly: Interactions Between Birds, Mosquitoes, and Environment That Have Molded West Nile Virus Genomic Structure Over Two Decades

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 1467-1474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nisha K Duggal ◽  
Kate E Langwig ◽  
Gregory D Ebel ◽  
Aaron C Brault
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Vector Competence ◽  
Genomic Structure ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
Purifying Selection ◽  
Relative Effect ◽  
Avian Host ◽  
West Nile ◽  
House Sparrows ◽  
Host Competence

Abstract West Nile virus (WNV) was first identified in North America almost 20 yr ago. In that time, WNV has crossed the continent and established enzootic transmission cycles, resulting in intermittent outbreaks of human disease that have largely been linked with climatic variables and waning avian seroprevalence. During the transcontinental dissemination of WNV, the original genotype has been displaced by two principal extant genotypes which contain an envelope mutation that has been associated with enhanced vector competence by Culex pipiens L. (Diptera: Culicidae) and Culex tarsalis Coquillett vectors. Analyses of retrospective avian host competence data generated using the founding NY99 genotype strain have demonstrated a steady reduction in viremias of house sparrows over time. Reciprocally, the current genotype strains WN02 and SW03 have demonstrated an inverse correlation between house sparrow viremia magnitude and the time since isolation. These data collectively indicate that WNV has evolved for increased avian viremia while house sparrows have evolved resistance to the virus such that the relative host competence has remained constant. Intrahost analyses of WNV evolution demonstrate that selection pressures are avian species-specific and purifying selection is greater in individual birds compared with individual mosquitoes, suggesting that the avian adaptive and/or innate immune response may impose a selection pressure on WNV. Phylogenomic, experimental evolutionary systems, and models that link viral evolution with climate, host, and vector competence studies will be needed to identify the relative effect of different selective and stochastic mechanisms on viral phenotypes and the capacity of newly evolved WNV genotypes for transmission in continuously changing landscapes.

scholarly journals Ecology of West Nile Virus in North America

Viruses ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (9) ◽  
pp. 2079-2105 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Reisen
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
North America ◽  
West Nile

scholarly journals Experimental infection of house sparrows (Passer domesticus) with West Nile virus isolates of Euro-Mediterranean and North American origins

2014 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Del Amo ◽  
Francisco Llorente ◽  
Jordi Figuerola ◽  
Ramón C Soriguer ◽  
Ana M Moreno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Experimental Infection ◽  
North American ◽  
Passer Domesticus ◽  
West Nile ◽  
House Sparrows ◽  
Virus Isolates
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document