scholarly journals Def1 Promotes the Degradation of Pol3 for Polymerase Exchange to Occur During DNA-Damage–Induced Mutagenesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

PLoS Biology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. e1001771 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreea Daraba ◽  
Vamsi K. Gali ◽  
Miklós Halmai ◽  
Lajos Haracska ◽  
Ildiko Unk
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Dna Damage ◽  
Induced Mutagenesis

The effect of 2-μm DNA on survival and mutagenesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

1986 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 154-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Earle R. Nestmann ◽  
David J. Kowbel ◽  
Andrew A. Potter
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Dna Damage ◽  
Plasmid Dna ◽  
Spontaneous Mutation ◽  
Methyl Methanesulfonate ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Induced Mutagenesis ◽  
Nitroquinoline Oxide ◽  
Dna 2 ◽  
Forward Mutation

Strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, with and without endogenous 2-μm DNA, were studied in experiments designed to determine the effect of this plasmid on survival and mutagenesis in yeast. Comparison of the two strains exposed to ultraviolet light, 4-nitroquinoline oxide, or methyl methanesulfonate (MMS), revealed that the presence of 2-μm DNA slightly enhanced survival after exposure to each agent. Spontaneous frequencies of mutations (histidine reversion, canavanine resistance, and mitochondrial petites, but not adenine auxotrophy) were reduced by the presence of 2-μm DNA. MMS-induced His+ reversion was weak, and both strains responded similarly. No difference was found between the two strains when induced forward mutation to canavanine resistance was examined. The extent of induction of mitochondrial petites was about the same in both strains. Therefore, it appears that under these experimental conditions with these mutagens, 2-μm DNA has an effect on spontaneous mutation and survival after DNA damage but not on induced mutagenesis in S. cerevisiae.Key words: Saccharomyces, plasmid, DNA (2 μm), mutagenesis.

scholarly journals The SRS2 suppressor of rad6 mutations of Saccharomyces cerevisiae acts by channeling DNA lesions into the RAD52 DNA repair pathway.

Genetics ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 124 (4) ◽  
pp. 817-831 ◽  
Author(s):  
R H Schiestl ◽  
S Prakash ◽  
L Prakash
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Dna Repair ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Dna Lesions ◽  
Recombinational Repair ◽  
Repair Pathway ◽  
Uv Mutagenesis ◽  
Uv Sensitivity ◽  
Suppressor Mutations ◽  
Induced Mutagenesis

Abstract rad6 mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are defective in the repair of damaged DNA, DNA damage induced mutagenesis, and sporulation. In order to identify genes that can substitute for RAD6 function, we have isolated genomic suppressors of the UV sensitivity of rad6 deletion (rad6 delta) mutations and show that they also suppress the gamma-ray sensitivity but not the UV mutagenesis or sporulation defects of rad6. The suppressors show semidominance for suppression of UV sensitivity and dominance for suppression of gamma-ray sensitivity. The six suppressor mutations we isolated are all alleles of the same locus and are also allelic to a previously described suppressor of the rad6-1 nonsense mutation, SRS2. We show that suppression of rad6 delta is dependent on the RAD52 recombinational repair pathway since suppression is not observed in the rad6 delta SRS2 strain containing an additional mutation in either the RAD51, RAD52, RAD54, RAD55 or RAD57 genes. Possible mechanisms by which SRS2 may channel unrepaired DNA lesions into the RAD52 DNA repair pathway are discussed.

scholarly journals The Zn-finger of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rad18 and its adjacent region mediate interaction with Rad5

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Orsolya Frittmann ◽  
Vamsi K Gali ◽  
Miklos Halmai ◽  
Robert Toth ◽  
Zsuzsanna Gyorfy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Dna Damage ◽  
Ubiquitin Ligase ◽  
Dna Lesions ◽  
Template Switching ◽  
Adjacent Region ◽  
Yeast Two Hybrid ◽  
Replication Complex ◽  
Two Hybrid

Abstract DNA damages that hinder the movement of the replication complex can ultimately lead to cell death. To avoid that, cells possess several DNA damage bypass mechanisms. The Rad18 ubiquitin ligase controls error-free and mutagenic pathways that help the replication complex to bypass DNA lesions by monoubiquitylating PCNA at stalled replication forks. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, two of the Rad18 governed pathways are activated by monoubiquitylated PCNA and they involve translesion synthesis polymerases, whereas a third pathway needs subsequent polyubiquitylation of the same PCNA residue by another ubiquitin ligase the Rad5 protein, and it employs template switching. The goal of this study was to dissect the regulatory role of the multidomain Rad18 in DNA damage bypass using a structure-function based approach. Investigating deletion and point mutant RAD18 variants in yeast genetic and yeast two-hybrid assays we show that the Zn-finger of Rad18 mediates its interaction with Rad5, and the N-terminal adjacent region is also necessary for Rad5 binding. Moreover, results of the yeast two-hybrid and in vivo ubiquitylation experiments raise the possibility that direct interaction between Rad18 and Rad5 might not be necessary for the function of the Rad5 dependent pathway. The presented data also reveal that yeast Rad18 uses different domains to mediate its association with itself and with Rad5. Our results contribute to better understanding of the complex machinery of DNA damage bypass pathways.

scholarly journals Effect of the expression of BRCA2 on spontaneous homologous recombination and DNA damage-induced nuclear foci in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Mutagenesis ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Spugnesi ◽  
C. Balia ◽  
A. Collavoli ◽  
E. Falaschi ◽  
V. Quercioli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Dna Damage ◽  
Homologous Recombination ◽  
Nuclear Foci

scholarly journals DNA damage and heat shock dually regulate genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

1986 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
T McClanahan ◽  
K McEntee
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Dna Damage ◽  
Heat Shock ◽  
Shock Treatment ◽  
Northern Hybridization ◽  
Heat Shock Treatment ◽  
Base Pairs ◽  
S1 Nuclease ◽  
Hsp70 Family ◽  
Transcriptional Start Sites

Two Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes isolated in a differential hybridization screening for DNA damage regulation (DDR genes) were also transcriptionally regulated by heat shock treatment. A 0.45-kilobase transcript homologous to the DDRA2 gene and a 1.25-kilobase transcript homologous to the DDR48 gene accumulated after exposure of cells to 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (NQO; 1 to 1.5 microgram/ml) or brief heat shock (20 min at 37 degrees C). The DDRA2 transcript, which was undetectable in untreated cells, was induced to high levels by these treatments, and the DDR48 transcript increased more than 10-fold as demonstrated by Northern hybridization analysis. Two findings argue that dual regulation of stress-responsive genes is not common in S. cerevisiae. First, two members of the heat shock-inducible hsp70 family of S. cerevisiae, YG100 and YG102, were not induced by exposure to NQO. Second, at least one other DNA-damage-inducible gene, DIN1, was not regulated by heat shock treatment. We examined the structure of the induced RNA homologous to DDRA2 after heat shock and NQO treatments by S1 nuclease protection experiments. Our results demonstrated that the DDRA2 transcript initiates equally frequently at two sites separated by 5 base pairs. Both transcriptional start sites were utilized when cells were exposed to either NQO or heat shock treatment. These results indicate that DDRA2 and DDR48 are members of a unique dually regulated stress-responsive family of genes in S. cerevisiae.

SPK1 is an essential S-phase-specific gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that encodes a nuclear serine/threonine/tyrosine kinase

1993 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 5829-5842
Author(s):  
P Zheng ◽  
D S Fay ◽  
J Burton ◽  
H Xiao ◽  
J L Pinkham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Dna Damage ◽  
Dna Synthesis ◽  
Genomic Library ◽  
Excision Repair ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
S Phase ◽  
Upstream Region ◽  
Specific Gene

SPK1 was originally discovered in an immunoscreen for tyrosine-protein kinases in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We have used biochemical and genetic techniques to investigate the function of this gene and its encoded protein. Hybridization of an SPK1 probe to an ordered genomic library showed that SPK1 is adjacent to PEP4 (chromosome XVI L). Sporulation of spk1/+ heterozygotes gave rise to spk1 spores that grew into microcolonies but could not be further propagated. These colonies were greatly enriched for budded cells, especially those with large buds. Similarly, eviction of CEN plasmids bearing SPK1 from cells with a chromosomal SPK1 disruption yielded viable cells with only low frequency. Spk1 protein was identified by immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting. It was associated with protein-Ser, Thr, and Tyr kinase activity in immune complex kinase assays. Spk1 was localized to the nucleus by immunofluorescence. The nucleotide sequence of the SPK1 5' noncoding region revealed that SPK1 contains two MluI cell cycle box elements. These elements confer S-phase-specific transcription to many genes involved in DNA synthesis. Northern (RNA) blotting of synchronized cells verified that the SPK1 transcript is coregulated with other MluI box-regulated genes. The SPK1 upstream region also includes a domain highly homologous to sequences involved in induction of RAD2 and other excision repair genes by agents that induce DNA damage. spk1 strains were hypersensitive to UV irradiation. Taken together, these findings indicate that SPK1 is a dual-specificity (Ser/Thr and Tyr) protein kinase that is essential for viability. The cell cycle-dependent transcription, presence of DNA damage-related sequences, requirement for UV resistance, and nuclear localization of Spk1 all link this gene to a crucial S-phase-specific role, probably as a positive regulator of DNA synthesis.

Identification and isolation of the gene encoding the small subunit of ribonucleotide reductase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae: DNA damage-inducible gene required for mitotic viability

1987 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 2783-2793
Author(s):  
S J Elledge ◽  
R W Davis
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Dna Damage ◽  
Ribonucleotide Reductase ◽  
Small Subunit ◽  
Cross Reaction ◽  
Expression Library ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Ribonucleotide Reductases ◽  
Colony Color

Ribonucleotide reductase catalyzes the first step in the pathway for the production of deoxyribonucleotides needed for DNA synthesis. The gene encoding the small subunit of ribonucleotide reductase was isolated from a Saccharomyces cerevisiae genomic DNA expression library in lambda gt11 by a fortuitous cross-reaction with anti-RecA antibodies. The cross-reaction was due to an identity between the last four amino acids of each protein. The gene has been named RNR2 and is centromere linked on chromosome X. The nucleotide sequence was determined, and the deduced amino acid sequence, 399 amino acids, shows extensive homology with other eucaryotic ribonucleotide reductases. Transplason mutagenesis was used to disrupt the RNR2 gene. A novel assay using colony color sectoring was developed to demonstrate visually that RNR2 is essential for mitotic viability. RNR2 encodes a 1.5-kilobase mRNA whose levels increase 18-fold after treatment with the DNA-damaging agent 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide. CDC8 was also found to be inducible by DNA damage, but POL1 and URA3 were not inducible by 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide. The expression of these genes defines a new mode of regulation for enzymes involved in DNA biosynthesis and sharpens our picture of the events leading to DNA repair in eucaryotic cells.

Mutagenesis and More: umuDC and the Escherichia coli SOS Response

Genetics ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 148 (4) ◽  
pp. 1599-1610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley T Smith ◽  
Graham C Walker
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Dna Damage ◽  
Cellular Response ◽  
Sos Response ◽  
Posttranslational Regulation ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Sos Mutagenesis ◽  
Induced Mutagenesis ◽  
Mechanistic Basis ◽  
Increase Cell Survival

Abstract The cellular response to DNA damage that has been most extensively studied is the SOS response of Escherichia coli. Analyses of the SOS response have led to new insights into the transcriptional and posttranslational regulation of processes that increase cell survival after DNA damage as well as insights into DNA-damage-induced mutagenesis, i.e., SOS mutagenesis. SOS mutagenesis requires the recA and umuDC gene products and has as its mechanistic basis the alteration of DNA polymerase III such that it becomes capable of replicating DNA containing miscoding and noncoding lesions. Ongoing investigations of the mechanisms underlying SOS mutagenesis, as well as recent observations suggesting that the umuDC operon may have a role in the regulation of the E. coli cell cycle after DNA damage has occurred, are discussed.

scholarly journals Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rrm3p DNA Helicase Promotes Genome Integrity by Preventing Replication Fork Stalling: Viability of rrm3 Cells Requires the Intra-S-Phase Checkpoint and Fork Restart Activities

2004 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 3198-3212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Z. Torres ◽  
Sandra L. Schnakenberg ◽  
Virginia A. Zakian
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Dna Damage ◽  
Replication Fork ◽  
Opportunity To Learn ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Dna Helicase ◽  
S Phase ◽  
Exogenous Dna ◽  
Fork Stalling ◽  
S Phase Checkpoint

ABSTRACT Rrm3p is a 5′-to-3′ DNA helicase that helps replication forks traverse protein-DNA complexes. Its absence leads to increased fork stalling and breakage at over 1,000 specific sites located throughout the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome. To understand the mechanisms that respond to and repair rrm3-dependent lesions, we carried out a candidate gene deletion analysis to identify genes whose mutation conferred slow growth or lethality on rrm3 cells. Based on synthetic phenotypes, the intra-S-phase checkpoint, the SRS2 inhibitor of recombination, the SGS1/TOP3 replication fork restart pathway, and the MRE11/RAD50/XRS2 (MRX) complex were critical for viability of rrm3 cells. DNA damage checkpoint and homologous recombination genes were important for normal growth of rrm3 cells. However, the MUS81/MMS4 replication fork restart pathway did not affect growth of rrm3 cells. These data suggest a model in which the stalled and broken forks generated in rrm3 cells activate a checkpoint response that provides time for fork repair and restart. Stalled forks are converted by a Rad51p-mediated process to intermediates that are resolved by Sgs1p/Top3p. The rrm3 system provides a unique opportunity to learn the fate of forks whose progress is impaired by natural impediments rather than by exogenous DNA damage.

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