scholarly journals Multimodal Warnings in Remote Operation: The Case Study on Remote Driving

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (8) ◽  
pp. 44
Author(s):  
Pekka Kallioniemi ◽  
Alisa Burova ◽  
John Mäkelä ◽  
Tuuli Keskinen ◽  
Kimmo Ronkainen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Situational Awareness ◽  
Sensor Technology ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Multimodal Feedback ◽  
The Road ◽  
Hazardous Environments ◽  
Remote Operation ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Remote Operations ◽  
Remote Driving

Developments in sensor technology, artificial intelligence, and network technologies like 5G has made remote operation a valuable method of controlling various types of machinery. The benefits of remote operations come with an opportunity to access hazardous environments. The major limitation of remote operation is the lack of proper sensory feedback from the machine, which in turn negatively affects situational awareness and, consequently, may risk remote operations. This article explores how to improve situational awareness via multimodal feedback (visual, auditory, and haptic) and studies how it can be utilized to communicate warnings to remote operators. To reach our goals, we conducted a controlled, within-subjects experiment in eight conditions with twenty-four participants on a simulated remote driving system. Additionally, we gathered further insights with a UX questionnaire and semi-structured interviews. Gathered data showed that the use of multimodal feedback positively affected situational awareness when driving remotely. Our findings indicate that the combination of added haptic and visual feedback was considered the best feedback combination to communicate the slipperiness of the road. We also found that the feeling of presence is an important aspect of remote driving tasks, and a requested one, especially by those with more experience in operating real heavy machinery.

Challenges of Multiple Airport Control

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Astrid Oehme ◽  
Rodney Leitner ◽  
Nora Wittbrodt
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Control ◽  
Situational Awareness ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Detection Performance ◽  
Sensor Technology ◽  
Simultaneous Control ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Operational Concept ◽  
Regional Airports ◽  
The Impact

Recent developments in avionics and ground-sensor technology have led to multiple approaches toward remote traffic control for small, regional airports. We investigated a new operational concept considering the simultaneous control of several airports from a single remote location in an experimental setup. The number of airports and the control principle – that is, the control of one versus several aircraft at a time – were compared applying a multiple-task paradigm. The impact of both variables on relevant performance indicators was assessed. While performance in issuing clearances was excellent in all conditions, mental effort increased and detection performance deteriorated with the number of controlled airports. Surprisingly, the several-at-a-time principle enhanced detection performance for unexpected events and reduced response times to situational awareness queries.

Next generation IR sensor technology for space applications at AIM

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.-M. Mahlein ◽  
A. Bauer ◽  
H. Bitterlich ◽  
M. Bruder ◽  
K.-U. Gassmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensor Technology ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Space Applications ◽  
Ir Sensor

Recent Development in IR Sensor Technology for Monitoring Subsea Methane Discharge

2013 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 27-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Schmidt ◽  
Peter Linke ◽  
Daniel Esser
Keyword(s):  
Detection Limit ◽  
Sensor Technology ◽  
Ir Absorption ◽  
Equilibration Time ◽  
High Background ◽  
Dissolved Methane ◽  
Methane Release ◽  
Ir Sensor ◽  
Tidal Changes ◽  
Methane Concentrations

AbstractRecently developed methane sensors, based on infrared (IR) absorption technology, were successfully utilized for subsea methane release measurements. Long-term investigation of methane emissions (fluid flux determination) from natural methane seeps in the Hikurangi Margin offshore New Zealand were performed by using seafloor lander technology. Small centimeter-sized seep areas could be sampled at the seafloor by video-guided lander deployment. In situ sensor measurements of dissolved methane in seawater could be correlated with methane concentrations measured in discrete water samples after lander recovery. High backscatter flares determined by lander-based Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) measurement indicate bubble release from the seafloor. Highest methane concentrations determined by the IR sensor coincided with periods of high ADCP backscatter signals. The high fluid release cannot be correlated with tidal changes only. However, this correlation is possible with variability in spatial bubble release, sudden outbursts, and tidal changes in more quiescent seepage phases.A recently developed IR sensor (2,000 m depth-rated) with a detection limit for methane of about 1 ppm showed good linearity in the tested concentration range and an acceptable equilibration time of 10 min. The sensor was successfully operated offshore Santa Barbara by a small work-class ROV at a natural methane seep (Farrar Seep). High background methane concentration of 50 nmol L−1 was observed in the coastal water, which increases up to 560 nmol L−1 in dissolved methane plumes south of the seepage area. ROV- and lander-based sensor deployments have proven the applicability of IR sensor technology for the determination of subsea methane release rates and plume distribution. The wide concentration range, low detection limit, and its robust detection unit enable this technology for both subsea leak detection and oceanographic trace gas investigations.

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