Higher-order Multilevel Signal Transmission using Coherent Receiver with Digital-Delay Detection

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nobuhiko Kikuchi
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transmission ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Delay Detection ◽  
Multilevel Signal ◽  
Coherent Receiver

Frequency limits on aortic baroreceptor input to nucleus tractus solitarii

2000 ◽  
Vol 278 (2) ◽  
pp. H577-H585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhi Liu ◽  
Chao-Yin Chen ◽  
Ann C. Bonham
Keyword(s):  
Response Rate ◽  
Signal Transmission ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Nucleus Tractus Solitarii ◽  
Frequency Dependent ◽  
Aortic Depressor Nerve ◽  
Central Synapse ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Regulation Of Blood Pressure

The frequency of baroreceptor volleys to the central nervous system can influence the fidelity of baroreceptor signal transmission and thus may affect baroreflex regulation of blood pressure. We examined 1) the extent to which frequency-dependent depression of aortic baroreceptor signals was initiated at the first central synapse between primary baroreceptor fibers and second-order nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) neurons; 2) whether the pattern of baroreceptor input influenced the depression; and 3) the potential relevance to baroreflex sympathoinhibition. In urethan-anesthetized rats, NTS action potential responses of neurons classified as second or higher order and averaged lumbar sympathetic nerve activity responses were simultaneously measured during 100 aortic depressor nerve stimuli delivered in constant or phasic patterns (0.8–48 Hz). Frequency-dependent depression was initiated at second-order neurons, with NTS responses decreasing to a 72% response rate at 48 Hz; the depression was greater at higher-order neurons; responses decreased to a 30% response rate. The depression was slightly but significantly greater with phasic inputs. Curve fitting suggested that synaptic depression may limit baroreflex sympathoinhibition. Thus frequency limits on baroreceptor inputs at NTS synapses may affect baroreflex function.

Dual systems for all: Higher-order, role-based relational reasoning as a uniquely derived feature of human cognition

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel J. Povinelli ◽  
Gabrielle C. Glorioso ◽  
Shannon L. Kuznar ◽  
Mateja Pavlic
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Reasoning ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Important Case ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Relational Reasoning ◽  
Dual Systems ◽  
First Order ◽  
Reasoning System ◽  
Role Based

Abstract Hoerl and McCormack demonstrate that although animals possess a sophisticated temporal updating system, there is no evidence that they also possess a temporal reasoning system. This important case study is directly related to the broader claim that although animals are manifestly capable of first-order (perceptually-based) relational reasoning, they lack the capacity for higher-order, role-based relational reasoning. We argue this distinction applies to all domains of cognition.

Quantitative EPMA of nitrogen : A tricky element in the electron-probe microanalyzer

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1622-1623
Author(s):  
G.F. Bastin ◽  
H.J.M. Heijligers
Keyword(s):  
Background Subtraction ◽  
Electron Probe ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Light Elements ◽  
Strong Suppression ◽  
Electron Probe Microanalyzer ◽  
Quantitative Epma ◽  
Peak Count ◽  
Lead Stearate

Among the ultra-light elements B, C, N, and O nitrogen is the most difficult element to deal with in the electron probe microanalyzer. This is mainly caused by the severe absorption that N-Kα radiation suffers in carbon which is abundantly present in the detection system (lead-stearate crystal, carbonaceous counter window). As a result the peak-to-background ratios for N-Kα measured with a conventional lead-stearate crystal can attain values well below unity in many binary nitrides . An additional complication can be caused by the presence of interfering higher-order reflections from the metal partner in the nitride specimen; notorious examples are elements such as Zr and Nb. In nitrides containing these elements is is virtually impossible to carry out an accurate background subtraction which becomes increasingly important with lower and lower peak-to-background ratios. The use of a synthetic multilayer crystal such as W/Si (2d-spacing 59.8 Å) can bring significant improvements in terms of both higher peak count rates as well as a strong suppression of higher-order reflections.

Effects of Higher-Order Laue Zone reflections on structure images

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 450-451
Author(s):  
H. S. Kim ◽  
S. S. Sheinin
Keyword(s):  
Wave Vector ◽  
Theoretical Calculations ◽  
Reciprocal Lattice ◽  
Image Plane ◽  
Bloch Wave ◽  
Dynamical Theory ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Lattice Image ◽  
Lattice Vector ◽  
Image Position

The importance of image simulation in interpreting experimental lattice images is well established. Normally, in carrying out the required theoretical calculations, only zero order Laue zone reflections are taken into account. In this paper we assess the conditions for which this procedure is valid and indicate circumstances in which higher order Laue zone reflections may be important. Our work is based on an analysis of the requirements for obtaining structure images i.e. images directly related to the projected potential. In the considerations to follow, the Bloch wave formulation of the dynamical theory has been used.The intensity in a lattice image can be obtained from the total wave function at the image plane is given by: where ϕg(z) is the diffracted beam amplitide given by In these equations,the z direction is perpendicular to the entrance surface, g is a reciprocal lattice vector, the Cg(i) are Fourier coefficients in the expression for a Bloch wave, b(i), X(i) is the Bloch wave excitation coefficient, ϒ(i)=k(i)-K, k(i) is a Bloch wave vector, K is the electron wave vector after correction for the mean inner potential of the crystal, T(q) and D(q) are the transfer function and damping function respectively, q is a scattering vector and the summation is over i=l,N where N is the number of beams taken into account.

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