Anisotropic power spectrum of refractive-index fluctuation in hypersonic turbulence

2016 ◽  
Vol 55 (32) ◽  
pp. 9137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiangting Li ◽  
Shaofei Yang ◽  
Lixin Guo ◽  
Mingjian Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Power Spectrum

An optical study of turbulence

1970 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 607-635 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. E. Roe
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Power Spectrum ◽  
Power Spectra ◽  
Mean Flow ◽  
Cavendish Laboratory ◽  
Turbulent Region ◽  
Single Beam ◽  
Beam Method ◽  
A New Technique ◽  
Spatial Power Spectrum

This paper describes theoretical and experimental work carried out at the Cavendish Laboratory of the University of Cambridge. The main object of the work was to develop a new technique for measuring the structure of fluid turbulence.A parallel beam of light is passed through the turbulent region, containing refractive index fluctuations, and analyzed on exit by gratings of periodic transmissivity. Two forms of analysis yield (a) the spatial power spectrum of the refractive index fluctuations in the turbulence, and (b) the velocity distribution within the beam aperture. The method does not disturb the fluid physically, does not depend on the existence of a mean flow velocity, and works well in liquids.One of the limitations of this single-beam method is that it produces information averaged along the path length of the beam in the turbulence, and to overcome this a cross-beam technique, using two beams intersecting at right-angles, has been developed in theory. This method gives the spatial power spectrum of the refractive index fluctuations, as does the single beam method, but the results are characteristic only of the volume of intersection of the beams.The paper first discusses the theory of the single-beam and crossed-beam techniques, and then experimental results obtained with the single-beam method.The turbulent region investigated was a rectangular tank of water, heated from below and cooled from above, producing convective turbulence of high Rayleigh number (4·1 × 108), a system difficult to analyze by conventional methods of measurement, such as the hot-wire anemometer.Spectral density functions (power spectra) of refractive index, and hence in this case temperature fluctuations, have been measured, as have velocity distributions. Statistical analysis of the results also gives useful information about the Eulerian time scale of the turbulent field.

Power Spectrum of Refractive-Index Fluctuation in Hypersonic Plasma Turbulence

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (9) ◽  
pp. 2431-2437
Author(s):  
Jiangting Li ◽  
Shaofei Yang ◽  
Lixin Guo ◽  
Mingjian Cheng ◽  
Teng Gong
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Power Spectrum ◽  
Plasma Turbulence

scholarly journals Studying tropospheric turbulence with GNSS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steffen Schön ◽  
Gaël Kermarrec
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Power Spectrum ◽  
Carrier Phase ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Weather Prediction ◽  
Atomic Clock ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Satellite System ◽  
Free Atmosphere ◽  
Phase Measurements

<p>Long-term variations of the tropospheric refractive index delay the carrier phase measurements from Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). This information is now operationally integrated in Weather prediction models. Random fluctuations of the refractive index correlate the phase measurements and induces non-stationary noise processes. The correlation structure and spectral properties of observation residuals from GNSS relative positioning provide a unique opportunity to study specific properties of the turbulent atmosphere. In this contribution, we will give a short overview on turbulent processes and their impact on GNSS carrier phase measurements. We will discuss our data analysis concepts to separate the tropospheric fluctuations from other temporally varying error sources such as GNSS receiver clock errors or multipath. The analysis is based on the power spectrum of single or double differences of carrier phase measurements. This approach enables a determination of the cut-off frequencies of the atmospheric noise and the associated power law processes with their typical slopes. The obtained values are compared with theoretical expectations. We will show results for GPS from the Seewinkel network (Austria), as well as from a small network at Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB, Germany) where all receivers are connected to a common highly stable atomic clock. We show that (i) a two slopes power spectrum can be reliably determined and (ii) that the outer scale length can be taken to a constant value, close to the physically expected one and in relation with the size of the eddies at tropospheric height. The study of their dependencies with the satellite geometry, the Day of the Year (DOY) or the time of the day provides a new insight on the two- and three-dimensional atmospheric turbulence in the free atmosphere.</p>

The on-line use of histogram data for high-speed correction and alignment of electron microscope images

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 556-557
Author(s):  
William Krakow
Keyword(s):  
Power Spectrum ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Direct Memory Access ◽  
Digital Television ◽  
Contrast Transfer Function ◽  
The Past ◽  
High Resolution Tem ◽  
On Line ◽  
Correction Of Astigmatism ◽  
The Fourier Transform

In the past few years on-line digital television frame store devices coupled to computers have been employed to attempt to measure the microscope parameters of defocus and astigmatism. The ultimate goal of such tasks is to fully adjust the operating parameters of the microscope and obtain an optimum image for viewing in terms of its information content. The initial approach to this problem, for high resolution TEM imaging, was to obtain the power spectrum from the Fourier transform of an image, find the contrast transfer function oscillation maxima, and subsequently correct the image. This technique requires a fast computer, a direct memory access device and even an array processor to accomplish these tasks on limited size arrays in a few seconds per image. It is not clear that the power spectrum could be used for more than defocus correction since the correction of astigmatism is a formidable problem of pattern recognition.

TEM characterization of proton-exchanged LiNbO3 optical waveguides

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 480-481
Author(s):  
W. E. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Benzoic Acid ◽  
Optical Waveguides ◽  
Total Internal Reflection ◽  
Index Of Refraction ◽  
Optical Measurements ◽  
Lithium Ions ◽  
Wide Channel ◽  
Tem Characterization

An optical waveguide consists of a several-micron wide channel with a slightly different index of refraction than the host substrate; light can be trapped in the channel by total internal reflection.Optical waveguides can be formed from single-crystal LiNbO3 using the proton exhange technique. In this technique, polished specimens are masked with polycrystal1ine chromium in such a way as to leave 3-13 μm wide channels. These are held in benzoic acid at 249°C for 5 minutes allowing protons to exchange for lithium ions within the channels causing an increase in the refractive index of the channel and creating the waveguide. Unfortunately, optical measurements often reveal a loss in waveguiding ability up to several weeks after exchange.

Log-log scale roughness spectroscopy of surfaces

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 224-225
Author(s):  
P. Fraundorf ◽  
B. Armbruster
Keyword(s):  
Power Spectrum ◽  
Autocorrelation Function ◽  
Power Spectra ◽  
Scanning Force Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Tunneling ◽  
Tunneling Microscopy ◽  
Force Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Force ◽  
Lateral Structure ◽  
Scale Roughness

Optical interferometry, confocal light microscopy, stereopair scanning electron microscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy, and scanning force microscopy, can produce topographic images of surfaces on size scales reaching from centimeters to Angstroms. Second moment (height variance) statistics of surface topography can be very helpful in quantifying “visually suggested” differences from one surface to the next. The two most common methods for displaying this information are the Fourier power spectrum and its direct space transform, the autocorrelation function or interferogram. Unfortunately, for a surface exhibiting lateral structure over several orders of magnitude in size, both the power spectrum and the autocorrelation function will find most of the information they contain pressed into the plot’s origin. This suggests that we plot power in units of LOG(frequency)≡-LOG(period), but rather than add this logarithmic constraint as another element of abstraction to the analysis of power spectra, we further recommend a shift in paradigm.

Light microscopy of ceramics

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 908-909
Author(s):  
Walter C. McCrone
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Light Microscope ◽  
Polarized Light ◽  
Refractive Indices ◽  
Complete Coverage ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Lower Refractive Index

An excellent chapter on this subject by V.D. Fréchette appeared in a book edited by L.L. Hench and R.W. Gould in 1971 (1). That chapter with the references cited there provides a very complete coverage of the subject. I will add a more complete coverage of an important polarized light microscope (PLM) technique developed more recently (2). Dispersion staining is based on refractive index and its variation with wavelength (dispersion of index). A particle of, say almandite, a garnet, has refractive indices of nF = 1.789 nm, nD = 1.780 nm and nC = 1.775 nm. A Cargille refractive index liquid having nD = 1.780 nm will have nF = 1.810 and nC = 1.768 nm. Almandite grains will disappear in that liquid when observed with a beam of 589 nm light (D-line), but it will have a lower refractive index than that liquid with 486 nm light (F-line), and a higher index than that liquid with 656 nm light (C-line).

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