scholarly journals Review on ocean acidification and carbon cycling in the Arctic Ocean

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (22) ◽  
pp. 2201-2213
Author(s):  
Di Qi ◽  
Heng Sun ◽  
Liqi Chen ◽  
Baoshan Chen ◽  
Wenli Zhong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
Carbon Cycling ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
The Arctic Ocean

scholarly journals Model constraints on the anthropogenic carbon budget of the Arctic Ocean

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. 2343-2367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens Terhaar ◽  
James C. Orr ◽  
Marion Gehlen ◽  
Christian Ethé ◽  
Laurent Bopp
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
Lower Limit ◽  
Ocean Circulation ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Model Resolution ◽  
Lateral Transport ◽  
The Arctic Ocean ◽  
Anthropogenic Carbon ◽  
The Difference

Abstract. The Arctic Ocean is projected to experience not only amplified climate change but also amplified ocean acidification. Modeling future acidification depends on our ability to simulate baseline conditions and changes over the industrial era. Such centennial-scale changes require a global model to account for exchange between the Arctic and surrounding regions. Yet the coarse resolution of typical global models may poorly resolve that exchange as well as critical features of Arctic Ocean circulation. Here we assess how simulations of Arctic Ocean storage of anthropogenic carbon (Cant), the main driver of open-ocean acidification, differ when moving from coarse to eddy-admitting resolution in a global ocean-circulation–biogeochemistry model (Nucleus for European Modeling of the Ocean, NEMO; Pelagic Interactions Scheme for Carbon and Ecosystem Studies, PISCES). The Arctic's regional storage of Cant is enhanced as model resolution increases. While the coarse-resolution model configuration ORCA2 (2∘) stores 2.0 Pg C in the Arctic Ocean between 1765 and 2005, the eddy-admitting versions ORCA05 and ORCA025 (1∕2∘ and 1∕4∘) store 2.4 and 2.6 Pg C. The difference in inventory between model resolutions that is accounted for is only from their divergence after 1958, when ORCA2 and ORCA025 were initialized with output from the intermediate-resolution configuration (ORCA05). The difference would have been larger had all model resolutions been initialized in 1765 as was ORCA05. The ORCA025 Arctic Cant storage estimate of 2.6 Pg C should be considered a lower limit because that model generally underestimates observed CFC-12 concentrations. It reinforces the lower limit from a previous data-based approach (2.5 to 3.3 Pg C). Independent of model resolution, there was roughly 3 times as much Cant that entered the Arctic Ocean through lateral transport than via the flux of CO2 across the air–sea interface. Wider comparison to nine earth system models that participated in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) reveals much larger diversity of stored Cant and lateral transport. Only the CMIP5 models with higher lateral transport obtain Cant inventories that are close to the data-based estimates. Increasing resolution also enhances acidification, e.g., with greater shoaling of the Arctic's average depth of the aragonite saturation horizon during 1960–2012, from 50 m in ORCA2 to 210 m in ORCA025. Even higher model resolution would likely further improve such estimates, but its prohibitive costs also call for other more practical avenues for improvement, e.g., through model nesting, addition of coastal processes, and refinement of subgrid-scale parameterizations.

scholarly journals Monitoring and assessment of ocean acidification in the Arctic Ocean-A scoping paper

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa L. Robbins ◽  
Kimberly K. Yates ◽  
Richard Feely ◽  
Victoria Fabry
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
The Arctic Ocean

scholarly journals Macroalgae contribute to nested mosaics of pH variability in a subarctic fjord

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (16) ◽  
pp. 4895-4911 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Krause-Jensen ◽  
C. M. Duarte ◽  
I. E. Hendriks ◽  
L. Meire ◽  
M. E. Blicher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
Boundary Layers ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Kelp Forests ◽  
Coastal Habitats ◽  
Saturation State ◽  
The Arctic Ocean ◽  
Diffusive Boundary

Abstract. The Arctic Ocean is considered the most vulnerable ecosystem to ocean acidification, and large-scale assessments of pH and the saturation state for aragonite (Ωarag) have led to the notion that the Arctic Ocean is already close to a corrosive state. In high-latitude coastal waters the regulation of pH and Ωarag is, however, far more complex than offshore because increased biological activity and input of glacial meltwater affect pH. Effects of ocean acidification on calcifiers and non-calcifying phototrophs occupying coastal habitats cannot be derived from extrapolation of current and forecasted offshore conditions, but they require an understanding of the regimes of pH and Ωarag in their coastal habitats. To increase knowledge of the natural variability in pH in the Arctic coastal zone and specifically to test the influence of benthic vegetated habitats, we quantified pH variability in a Greenland fjord in a nested-scale approach. A sensor array logging pH, O2, PAR, temperature and salinity was applied on spatial scales ranging from kilometre scale across the horizontal extension of the fjord; to 100 m scale vertically in the fjord, 10–100 m scale between subtidal habitats with and without kelp forests and between vegetated tidal pools and adjacent vegetated shores; and to centimetre to metre scale within kelp forests and millimetre scale across diffusive boundary layers of macrophyte tissue. In addition, we assessed the temporal variability in pH on diurnal and seasonal scales. Based on pH measurements combined with point samples of total alkalinity, dissolved inorganic carbon and relationships to salinity, we also estimated variability in Ωarag. Results show variability in pH and Ωarag of up to 0.2–0.3 units at several scales, i.e. along the horizontal and vertical extension of the fjord, between seasons and on a diel basis in benthic habitats and within 1 m3 of kelp forest. Vegetated intertidal pools exhibited extreme diel pH variability of > 1.5 units and macrophyte diffusive boundary layers a pH range of up to 0.8 units. Overall, pelagic and benthic metabolism was an important driver of pH and Ωarag producing mosaics of variability from low levels in the dark to peak levels at high irradiance generally appearing favourable for calcification. We suggest that productive coastal environments may form niches of high pH in a future acidified Arctic Ocean.

scholarly journals Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Sediment Processes in Shallow Waters of the Arctic Ocean

PLoS ONE ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. e94068 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frédéric Gazeau ◽  
Pieter van Rijswijk ◽  
Lara Pozzato ◽  
Jack J. Middelburg
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Shallow Waters ◽  
The Arctic Ocean

scholarly journals Model constraints on the anthropogenic carbon budget of the Arctic Ocean

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens Terhaar ◽  
James C. Orr ◽  
Marion Gehlen ◽  
Christian Ethé ◽  
Laurent Bopp
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
Ocean Circulation ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Global Ocean ◽  
Cmip5 Models ◽  
Lateral Transport ◽  
Coarse Resolution ◽  
The Arctic Ocean ◽  
Anthropogenic Carbon

Abstract. The Arctic Ocean is projected to experience not only amplified climate change but also amplified ocean acidification. Modeling future acidification depends on our ability to simulate baseline conditions and changes over the industrial era. Such centennial-scale changes require a global model to account for exchange between the Arctic and surrounding regions. Yet the coarse resolution of typical global models may poorly resolve that exchange as well as critical features of Arctic Ocean circulation. Here we assess how simulations of Arctic Ocean storage of anthropogenic carbon (Cant), the main driver of open- ocean acidification, differ when moving from coarse to eddy admitting resolution in a global ocean circulation-biogeochemistry model (NEMO-PISCES). The Arctic's regional storage of Cant is enhanced as model resolution increases. While the coarse- resolution model configuration ORCA2 (2°) stores 2.0 Pg C in the Arctic Ocean between 1765 and 2005, the eddy-admitting versions ORCA05 and ORCA025 (1/2° and 1/4°) store 2.4 and 2.6 Pg C. That result from ORCA025 falls within the uncertainty range from a previous data-based Cant storage estimate (2.5 to 3.3 Pg C). Yet those limits may each need to be reduced by about 10 % because data-based Cant concentrations in deep waters remain at ∼ 6 μmol kg−1, while they should be almost negligible by analogy to the near-zero observed CFC-12 concentrations from which they are calculated. Across the three resolutions, there was roughly three times as much anthropogenic carbon that entered the Arctic Ocean through lateral transport than via the flux of CO2 across the air-sea interface. Wider comparison to nine earth system models that participated in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) reveals much larger diversity of stored anthropogenic carbon and lateral transport. Only the CMIP5 models with higher lateral transport obtain Cant inventories that are close to the data-based estimates. Increasing resolution also enhances acidification, e.g., with greater shoaling of the Arctic's average depth of the aragonite saturation horizon during 1960–2012, from 50 m in ORCA2 to 210 m in ORCA025. To assess the potential to further refine modeled estimates of the Arctic Ocean's Cant storage and acidification, sensitivity tests that adjust model parameters are needed given that century-scale global ocean biogeochemical simulations still cannot be run routinely at high resolution.

scholarly journals Arctic Ocean acidification over the 21st century co-driven by anthropogenic carbon increases and freshening in the CMIP6 model ensemble

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 2221-2240
Author(s):  
Jens Terhaar ◽  
Olivier Torres ◽  
Timothée Bourgeois ◽  
Lester Kwiatkowski
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Cmip5 Models ◽  
The Arctic Ocean ◽  
Anthropogenic Carbon ◽  
Projected Changes

Abstract. The uptake of anthropogenic carbon (Cant) by the ocean leads to ocean acidification, causing the reduction of pH and the saturation states of aragonite (Ωarag) and calcite (Ωcalc). The Arctic Ocean is particularly vulnerable to ocean acidification due to its naturally low pH and saturation states and due to ongoing freshening and the concurrent reduction in total alkalinity in this region. Here, we analyse ocean acidification in the Arctic Ocean over the 21st century across 14 Earth system models (ESMs) from the latest Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6). Compared to the previous model generation (CMIP5), models generally better simulate maximum sea surface densities in the Arctic Ocean and consequently the transport of Cant into the Arctic Ocean interior, with simulated historical increases in Cant in improved agreement with observational products. Moreover, in CMIP6 the inter-model uncertainty of projected changes over the 21st century in Arctic Ocean Ωarag and Ωcalc averaged over the upper 1000 m is reduced by 44–64 %. The strong reduction in projection uncertainties of Ωarag and Ωcalc can be attributed to compensation between Cant uptake and total alkalinity reduction in the latest models. Specifically, ESMs with a large increase in Arctic Ocean Cant over the 21st century tend to simulate a relatively weak concurrent freshening and alkalinity reduction, while ESMs with a small increase in Cant simulate a relatively strong freshening and concurrent total alkalinity reduction. Although both mechanisms contribute to Arctic Ocean acidification over the 21st century, the increase in Cant remains the dominant driver. Even under the low-emissions Shared Socioeconomic Pathway 1-2.6 (SSP1-2.6), basin-wide averaged Ωarag undersaturation in the upper 1000 m occurs before the end of the century. While under the high-emissions pathway SSP5-8.5, the Arctic Ocean mesopelagic is projected to even become undersaturated with respect to calcite. An emergent constraint identified in CMIP5 which relates present-day maximum sea surface densities in the Arctic Ocean to the projected end-of-century Arctic Ocean Cant inventory is found to generally hold in CMIP6. However, a coincident constraint on Arctic declines in Ωarag and Ωcalc is not apparent in the new generation of models. This is due to both the reduction in Ωarag and Ωcalc projection uncertainty and the weaker direct relationship between projected changes in Arctic Ocean Cant and changes in Ωarag and Ωcalc.

Low frequency sound absorption in the Arctic Ocean: Potential impact of ocean acidification

2014 ◽  
Vol 135 (4) ◽  
pp. 2306-2306 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Browning ◽  
Peter D. Herstein ◽  
Peter M. Scheifele ◽  
Raymond W. Hasse
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
Sound Absorption ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Frequency Sound ◽  
The Arctic Ocean ◽  
Potential Impact

scholarly journals The Arctic picoeukaryote <i>Micromonas pusilla</i> benefits synergistically from warming and ocean acidification

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (14) ◽  
pp. 4353-4365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clara Jule Marie Hoppe ◽  
Clara M. Flintrop ◽  
Björn Rost
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
Carbon Fixation ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
High Pco2 ◽  
The Arctic Ocean ◽  
Micromonas Pusilla

Abstract. In the Arctic Ocean, climate change effects such as warming and ocean acidification (OA) are manifesting faster than in other regions. Yet, we are lacking a mechanistic understanding of the interactive effects of these drivers on Arctic primary producers. In the current study, one of the most abundant species of the Arctic Ocean, the prasinophyte Micromonas pusilla, was exposed to a range of different pCO2 levels at two temperatures representing realistic current and future scenarios for nutrient-replete conditions. We observed that warming and OA synergistically increased growth rates at intermediate to high pCO2 levels. Furthermore, elevated temperatures shifted the pCO2 optimum of biomass production to higher levels. Based on changes in cellular composition and photophysiology, we hypothesise that the observed synergies can be explained by beneficial effects of warming on carbon fixation in combination with facilitated carbon acquisition under OA. Our findings help to understand the higher abundances of picoeukaryotes such as M. pusilla under OA, as has been observed in many mesocosm studies.

scholarly journals The Arctic picoeukaryote <i>Micromonas pusilla</i> benefits from ocean acidification under constant and dynamic light

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 635-647 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily White ◽  
Clara J. M. Hoppe ◽  
Björn Rost
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
Light Regime ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
High Pco2 ◽  
Light Fields ◽  
Production Rates ◽  
Key Species ◽  
The Arctic Ocean ◽  
Micromonas Pusilla

Abstract. Compared to the rest of the globe, the Arctic Ocean is affected disproportionately by climate change. Despite these fast environmental changes, we currently know little about the effects of ocean acidification (OA) on marine key species in this area. Moreover, the existing studies typically test the effects of OA under constant, hence artificial, light fields. In this study, the abundant Arctic picoeukaryote Micromonas pusilla was acclimated to current (400 µatm) and future (1000 µatm) pCO2 levels under a constant as well as a dynamic light, simulating more realistic light fields as experienced in the upper mixed layer. To describe and understand the responses to these drivers, growth, particulate organic carbon (POC) production, elemental composition, photophysiology and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were analysed. M. pusilla was able to benefit from OA on various scales, ranging from an increase in growth rates to enhanced photosynthetic capacity, irrespective of the light regime. These beneficial effects were, however, not reflected in the POC production rates, which can be explained by energy partitioning towards cell division rather than biomass build-up. In the dynamic light regime, M. pusilla was able to optimize its photophysiology for effective light usage during both low- and high-light periods. This photoacclimative response, which was achieved by modifications to photosystem II (PSII), imposed high metabolic costs leading to a reduction in growth and POC production rates when compared to constant light. There were no significant interactions observed between dynamic light and OA, indicating that M. pusilla is able to maintain effective photoacclimation without increased photoinactivation under high pCO2. Based on these findings, M. pusilla is likely to cope well with future conditions in the Arctic Ocean.

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