Reading The 1835 Parish Censuses from Bahia: Citizenship, Kinship, Slavery, and Household in Early Nineteenth-Century Brazil

2003 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.J. Barickman
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Household Composition ◽  
Qualitative Information ◽  
Demographic Trends ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Quantitative Studies ◽  
The Status ◽  
Quantitative Analyses ◽  
Status Of Women ◽  
Ideological Assumptions

Since the late 1960s, a growing number of studies have drawn on local manuscript censuses, also known as household or nominal lists, to reshape the historiography of late colonial and early nineteenth-century Brazil. While many of those studies focus on family or household composition, manuscript censuses have also been used to explore topics ranging from proto-industrialization and demographic trends to patterns of slaveholding and the status of women. In working with this documentation, scholars have generally restricted themselves to quantitative analyses; they have seldom devoted much explicit attention to the format of censuses and to the categories found in them. As a result, the ideological assumptions and political concerns that census-takers in late colonial and early nineteenthcentury Brazil brought to bear in enumerating, classifying, and ordering the population have remained largely unexplored topics. To detect those assumptions and concerns, we need to go beyond quantification and to read Brazilian manuscript censuses for the qualitative information they contain. At the very least, reading censuses qualitatively holds out the possibility of raising questions that complement and enhance the findings from the more familiar quantitative studies.

Women and Agency in Bankim’s Rajmohan’s Wife and Tagore’s The Home and The World

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Manju Dhariwal ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
The Self ◽  
Indian English ◽  
Colonial India ◽  
English Novel ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Status Of Women

Written almost half a century apart, Rajmohan’s Wife (1864) and The Home and the World (1916) can be read as women centric texts written in colonial India. The plot of both the texts is set in Bengal, the cultural and political centre of colonial India. Rajmohan’s Wife, arguably the first Indian English novel, is one of the first novels to realistically represent ‘Woman’ in the nineteenth century. Set in a newly emerging society of India, it provides an insight into the status of women, their susceptibility and dependence on men. The Home and the World, written at the height of Swadeshi movement in Bengal, presents its woman protagonist in a much progressive space. The paper closely examines these two texts and argues that women enact their agency in relational spaces which leads to the process of their ‘becoming’. The paper analyses this journey of the progress of the self, which starts with Matangini and culminates in Bimala. The paper concludes that women’s journey to emancipation is symbolic of the journey of the nation to independence.

Islamic Modernism: Its Scope, Method and Alternatives

1970 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 317-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fazlur Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
The West ◽  
Modern Education ◽  
Islamic Reform ◽  
The Status ◽  
Spiritual Issues ◽  
The Right ◽  
Law Of Evidence ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Status Of Women

The classical Muslim modernists of the nineteenth century envisaged Islamic Reform as a comprehensive venture: it took in its purview law, society, politics and intellectual, moral and spiritual issues. It dealt with questions of the law of evidence, the status of women, modern education, constitutional reforms, the right of a Muslim to think for himself, God and the nature of the universe and man and man's freedom. A tremendous intellectual fervour and ferment were generated. The liberals and the conservatives battled; the intellectual innovators were opposed and supported, penalized and honored, exiled and enthusiastically followed. Although the modernist movement dealt with all the facets of life, nevertheless, in my view, what gave it point and significance was its basically intellectual élan and the specifically intellectual and spiritual issues with which it dealt. This awakening struck a new and powerful chord in the Muslim mind because intellectual issues had remained for centuries under a state of selfimposed dormancy and stagnation at the instance of conservative orthodoxy. The nineteenth century was also the great age of the battle of ideas in the West, ideas and battles whose strong injections into Muslim society found a ready response. The character of this movement was then primarily intellectual and spiritual.

NATION, GOVERNMENT, AND ‘ANTI-SEMITISM’ IN EARLY NINETEENTH-CENTURY AUSTRIA

2008 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
WILLIAM D. GODSEY
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Perceived Threat ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Revolutionary Era ◽  
Anti Semitism ◽  
Imperial Capital ◽  
The Status ◽  
Jewish Descent ◽  
Late Modern

ABSTRACTIn 1808, an Estate of the lesser nobility of the Lower Austrian diet approved a statute barring from membership persons of Jewish descent in the ‘third degree’ regardless of confession. It is the only documented instance in Europe for the revolutionary era of such a paragraph that, in its rejection of Jewish ancestry in both the paternal and maternal lines, resembled the early modern Spanish statutes of ‘blood purity’ and the twentieth-century Nuremberg laws. The Josephian patent of toleration of 1782 had not allowed Jews to become members of the corporate nobility (the first Jew was only ennobled in 1789), but had relieved some of the worst aspects of discrimination. By the early nineteenth century, the archduchy of Lower Austria (including the imperial capital at Vienna) contained the largest, wealthiest, and most self-confident Jewish community in the Hapsburg Monarchy. The statute of 1808 was a reaction to Jewish acculturation to the upper class (including conversion, intermarriage, concessions of property-rights, the existence of salons in which Jews and new Christians mixed with the nobility) that presented a perceived threat to the status of its marginal members (lesser landed nobles, ennobled officialdom, and ennobled professionals). The statute was also a product of the politically and nationally charged atmosphere in Vienna between the Austrian defeat by Napoleon at Austerlitz (1805) and the renewed war against France (1809). No simple ideological continuum connects the Lower Austrian paragraph to either the early modern Spanish or the late modern Nazi ordinances. But it was the first such statute to take shape in a political context fraught with recognizably late modern concepts of ‘nation’. The statute of 1808 furthermore evidences the continuing fractured nature of public authority and lack of thorough-going state-formation in Austria.

Social Pretensions in Architecture and Ancestry: Hall House, Sawbridge, Warwickshire and the Andrewe Family

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 ◽  
pp. 51-72
Author(s):  
N. W. Alcock ◽  
C. T. Paul Woodfield
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Architectural Analysis ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Status ◽  
Country Houses ◽  
Social Importance

That architecture makes social statements is obvious in grand buildings from Norman castles to country houses. In smaller houses, such statements are often muted by our ignorance of their historical context and their date. This paper examines a small but sophisticated medieval house in which the combination of precise dating and informative documentation surmounts simple architectural analysis, to reveal something of its social importance to the family who built it. In the early nineteenth century, the status of Hall House, Sawbridge, was the lowest possible. It belonged to the Sawbridge Overseers of the Poor and was rented to families receiving parish support; later it became farm labourers' cottages. Most of the stages in the decline of the elegant medieval house to this lowly state can be documented, and links established to the only family in fifteenth-century Sawbridge with pretensions to sophistication. These clues lead to the identification of John Andrewe as the builder of Hall House in 1449, and to the recognition of it as a concrete expression of a family pride that was also being fostered by the invention of a distinguished ancestry.

scholarly journals Miscellany and Collegiality in the British Periodical Press: TheHarmonicon(1823–1833)

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-293
Author(s):  
Erin Johnson-Hill
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Shared Knowledge ◽  
Periodical Press ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
School Of Music ◽  
The Status ◽  
Musical Knowledge ◽  
The Many ◽  
British Culture ◽  
National Styles

The Harmonicon was, in its day, London's premiere music periodical, gaining a wide and loyal readership at home and abroad. Perhaps the most the distinctive feature of the journal was its deliberate imperative to raise what it considered to be the ‘lamentable’ level of musical knowledge held by the British reading public. The journal's editor, William Ayrton, was deeply concerned that there was a lack of a national school of music in his own country that could ever match that which his rival French and German critics called their own. In this light, I argue that the journal's appeal and economic success was due to a didactic philosophy of ‘collegiality’ and ‘miscellany’ – to borrow William Weber's terms – as a means of disseminating musical knowledge to the broadest readership possible. Through reviewing, critiquing and publishing a remarkably assorted array of national styles and genres of music, the Harmonicon attempted to create a very general type of musical knowledge in Britain in the early nineteenth century, one which looked necessarily beyond national borders in an effort to build up a shared knowledge of music. Data drawn from musical examples spanning all 11 years of the journal's print run is analysed, assessing in particular the high number of international composers featured in the journal. The many miscellaneous strands interwoven throughout the Harmonicon reflect a mode of thinking about music that was integral to a valiant effort to raise the status and awareness of music in early nineteenth-century British culture.

Gender and the Rhetoric of Modernity in Spanish America, 1850-1910

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee Skinner
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Gender Roles ◽  
Spanish America ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Spanish American ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Status ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Status Of Women

Gender and the Rhetoric of Modernity in Spanish America, 1850–1910, proposes that in the nineteenth century, discourses of modernity shaped ideas about gender and especially about the status of women in private and public life at the same time as those concepts of the modern were themselves formed in the Spanish American context by both received and newly-emerging notions of gender roles held by Spanish American intellectuals. Men and women took advantage of the rhetoric of modernity in order to attach their own agendas to those discourses about modernity. The book asserts that the rhetorical nature itself of modernity in Spanish America allowed intellectuals to connect these differing, even contradictory, interpretations to it. Writers used the rhetoric of modernity as they advanced their own agendas and shaped the rhetoric of modernity as a utopian projection of the national future, further allowing them to imagine a nation that included women at all levels of social and even political life. In so doing, they established discursive modalities that competed with other nation-building discourses and that placed gender as a central, ongoing concern at all levels of society. The book looks at public and private space; domesticity; education; and technology and work in nineteenth-century Spanish America and conveys a full understanding of the ways that gender roles were conjoined with the processes of modernization and national consolidation and includes texts by men and women that range from novels and essays to newspaper articles and advertisements, selected from multiple countries, and placed into their socio-cultural contexts.

A Late Nineteenth-Century Rabbinic Critique of the Status of Women in Judaism

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 259-284
Author(s):  
Julia Schwartzmann
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Religious Faith ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Women's Suffrage ◽  
The Status ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Women’S Suffrage ◽  
Status Of Women

Abstract This article aims to show that long before the famous debate over women’s suffrage (1918–25), women’s alienation from significant parts of Judaism was a fact that was obvious to those in the Orthodox community who were ready to admit it. To prove this, I discuss the late nineteenth-century essay Netiv Moshe: Maamar Mehkari 'al Mishpat haNashim baEmunah (A Scholarly Enquiry into the Case of Women in Religious Faith).1 This essay, written in Hungary by Mózes Salamon, the rabbi of a small provincial community, analyzes the gender problem in Judaism and reveals that the basic arguments of Jewish religious feminism had been expressed even before feminism as a movement came to terms with its objectives. This is the first scholarly analysis of this little known essay.

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