The Environment and International Trade

2000 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Vogel
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Environmental Policy ◽  
Trade Policy ◽  
Economic Impact ◽  
Environmental Regulation ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Relationship

This article examines the increasingly important and often contentious relationship between international trade and environmental regulation in the United States. It begins by explaining why these two policy areas have recently become more interdependent and then explores some of the specific controversies surrounding the contemporary linkages between trade policy and environmental regulation. The article concludes by analyzing the long-term political and economic impact of the relationship between trade and environmental policy.

Establishment size and employment stability in logging and sawmilling: a comparative analysis

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert G Lee ◽  
Penelope Jennings Eckert
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Manufacturing Industries ◽  
Employment Stability ◽  
Establishment Size ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Competitive Nature

Wood products employment stability (defined as year-to-year variation) was examined as a function of establishment size (grouped by number of employees). Small- and medium-sized establishments were consistently found to be more stable than large establishments. Comparison of Washington, Oregon, the United States, and Japan showed that the relationship between establishment size and employment stability was maintained regardless of long-term growth or decline in wood-products employment. Moreover, the smaller wood-products establishments in the United States were found to be more stable than the smaller establishments in other manufacturing industries. Structural stability in employment has been associated with the highly competitive nature of smaller wood-products establishments. Employment stability can best be promoted by policies that support the continued viability of smaller establishments.

Saying “I Don’t” to Matrimony: An Investigation of Why Long-Term Heterosexual Cohabitors Choose Not to Marry

2015 ◽  
Vol 38 (12) ◽  
pp. 1651-1674 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison Hatch
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Heterosexual Couples ◽  
Political Views ◽  
Break Up ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Legal Marriage

Research indicates the continuance of a rising trend in cohabitation among heterosexual couples. Although most cohabitors eventually marry or break up, there is a subset of cohabitors that are consciously committed to remaining unmarried. Based on interviews with 45 committed unmarried heterosexual couples residing in the United States, this study investigates the reasons why some choose to abstain from legal marriage altogether. Participants indicate a variety of reasons for forgoing legal marriage, including political views, economic practicalities, divorce concerns, and a lack of rationales or incentives to marry. The reasons offered fit into two larger categories: unease about the meanings associated with marriage and concerns about what marriage does to the relationship. As a subset of cohabitors often overlooked in research, it is important to understand what motivates some into saying “I Don’t” to legal marriage.

scholarly journals Does international tourism spur international trade and output? Evidence from wavelet analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mukesh Kumar ◽  
Sanjeev Prashar ◽  
RK Jana
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Growth ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Wavelet Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Tourism ◽  
Monthly Data ◽  
Time Frequency

In this article, we attempt to examine the nexus of trade, economic growth, and international tourism. We resort to wavelet-based analysis to capture the time–frequency-based lead–lag dynamics of this nexus. Considering the monthly data spanning from January 1999 to February 2018 for the United States, we find the evidence that (a) increasing trade leads to higher tourist inflows (in terms of receipts), (b) tourist receipts are lagged by economic growth, and (c) these relationships are significant in the long term. We believe that these results are crucial for policymakers to frame policies regarding tourism in the United States.

Competitively-Linked and Non-Competitively-Linked Negotiations: Bilateral Trade Policy Negotiations in Australia, Singapore and the United States

2006 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 431-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry Crump
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Trade Policy ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Free Trade Agreement ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Case Analysis ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Trade Policy

AbstractIt is unusual to find a negotiation not linked to at least one other negotiation. In some domains, such as international trade policy, we can identify negotiation networks with parties simultaneously involved in negotiations in global, multilateral, regional, and bilateral trade policy settings. A single party (i.e., a national government) will manage similar issues in all four settings and also manage these same issues with multiple parties in a single setting. International trade policy is one of many "linkage-rich" environments.This study examines the relationship between two discrete but linked treaty negotiations: the Singapore-Australia Free Trade Agreement of 2003 (SAFTA) and the United States-Singapore Free Trade Agreement of 2003 (USSFTA). Case analysis identifies five structural factors that enhance the potential and fundamentally shape the nature of negotiation linkage dynamics. If linkage occurs then role theory can be employed to define two functional role types, a link-pin party (Singapore in this study) and linked parties (Australia and the United States). Such theory and case analysis support the development of propositions and help establish guidance for managing negotiation behavior. Key structural characteristics that appear to create linkage dynamics in this study are used to build a four-part structural framework that maps the universe of negotiation-linkage phenomena and determines the fundamental nature of four discrete linkage conditions. This framework also provides descriptive and prescriptive guidance for managing strategy and power in linked negotiations.

scholarly journals A Política de Comércio Internacional Agrícola de Brasil e Estados Unidos no Contencioso do Algodão na OMC (2002-2005)

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-65
Author(s):  
Marcelo Fernandes de Oliveira ◽  
Camilla Silva Geraldello
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Trade Policy ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Agricultural Trade ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Modus Operandi ◽  
Institutional Management ◽  
The Developed Countries

O objetivo deste artigo é compreender o modus operandi dos instrumentos e mecanismos institucionais no Brasil e nos Estados Unidos de formulação da política de comércio internacional agrícola centrada em três variáveis: a) mobilização de interesses, b) funcionamento de instituições e c) divulgação de informações. Como exemplo, utilizaremos o contencioso do algodão na Organização Mundial do Comércio contra os Estados Unidos, desencadeado por uma coalizão de países em desenvolvimento e Países de Menor Desenvolvimento Relativo sob liderança do Brasil entre 2002 e 2005. Palavras-chave: Brasil e Estados Unidos; Política de Comércio Internacional; OMC; Agricultura; Contencioso do algodão.     Abstract: This article´s objective is undertand of the modus operandi of the institutional mecanisms and instruments in Brazil and the United States in the formulation of international agricultural trade policy, focused on three variables: a) interest´s mobilization b) institutional management and c) information press. As an example, will be used the cotton dispute on the WTO against the United States, which took place by a strike of the developed countries and the least developed countries under Brazil´s lidership between 2002 and 2005. Key words: Brazil and United States; International Trade Policy; WTO; Agriculture; Cotton Dispute.     Recebido em: dezembro/2017 Aprovado em: maio/2018.

scholarly journals Predictably Unpredictable Trade Policy – the United States versus All Others

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. S. DMITRIEV
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Trade Policy ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Market Access ◽  
Trade Deficit ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Us ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
Import Restrictions

The article explores the Trump administration’s trade policy,  characterized by: attempts to rewrite the rules of international trade  according to the regulations established by the American side, “skepticism” with respect to the international regulatory  institutions of foreign trade, a course on the renegotiation of the  existing agreements. In a relationship with a number of countries,  manifestations of “ultimatizm” – the desire to negotiate with them from a position of strength are becoming increasingly evident.  Relapses of economic isolationism under the slogan “Restore the Greatness of America” periodically are being transformed into  concrete protectionist actions. The number of imposed import restrictions is growing, and their arsenal is expanding. It is  concluded, that tightening of the market access to the domestic  market for foreign suppliers is unlikely to lead to a significant  reduction in the US trade deficit. Bet on abandoning multilateral  arrangements in favor of bilateral trade agreements, conscious  downplaying of the role and importance of the WTO and other  international institutions can also be counterproductive. Focus on  dominance in the sphere of foreign economic activity apparently will remain the main direction of Trump trade policy until the end of the  term of his administration. However, under pressure from competitors, and because of the lack of real allies, the United States  will be forced to demonstrate greater flexibility and pragmatism, the  propensity to compromise and to establishment of temporary or  permanent blocs with their main trading partners. The idea of  “normality”, refraining from populism, will gradually begin to return  to the trade policy of this country. If, however the Trump  government will continue to act in isolation, without taking into  account the opinion of the world community, an increasing number  of partners of the United States will perceive it not as a leader, but as a violator of the rules of international trade. Under certain  circumstances, such a policy can provoke local and global trade  conflicts. In addition, the United States not necessarily will have to be the winner in them.

scholarly journals International Trade Commission Exclusion Orders for the Infringement of Standard-Essential Patents

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory Sidak
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Trade Policy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Patent Infringement ◽  
International Trade Commission ◽  
Patent Holder ◽  
Standard Essential Patents ◽  
Section 337 ◽  
The U.S

In the United States, a patent holder can pursue several remedies against a patent infringer. Section 284 of the Patent Act provides that, upon a finding of infringement, “the court shall award the claimant damages adequate to compensate for the infringement, but in no event less than a reasonable royalty . . . .” In addition, § 283 provides that a court “may grant injunctions in accordance with the principles of equity to prevent the violation of any right secured by patent.” Section 337 of the Tariff Act of 1930 also allows a patent holder to petition the U.S. International Trade Commission (ITC)—a federal agency that investigates matters of international trade and advises on international trade policy— to issue an exclusion order against an infringer, a remedy that denies the importation and sale in the United States of products that infringe a valid and enforceable U.S. patent.3 In a case of patent infringement, a patent holder may thus seek damages for the infringement, an injunction, and an exclusion order.

Turfgrass in the Modern Environment

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Patricia J. Vittum
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Impact ◽  
The United States ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Insect Damage ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Livestock Industry ◽  
Athletic Fields ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter provides an overview of turfgrasses. Turfgrass typically refers to an individual plant or species and turf refers to a uniform stand of grass or a mixture of grasses mowed at a relatively low height, usually less than 10 cm and serving various ornamental, recreational, and functional uses. Residential lawns, golf courses, athletic fields, cemeteries, parks, and arboretums all benefit from healthy, lush stands of turf. Many grass species used for turf are also found in pasture, field, and forage production associated with the livestock industry. The chapter then details the structure and climatic adaptations of turfgrasses, and identifies the major turfgrasses in the United States and Canada. It also describes dichondra lawns and considers the relationship between drought dormancy and turfgrass insect damage, as well as the economic impact of turgrass culture.

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