Competing Chinese Names for God: The Chinese Term Question and Its Influence upon Korea

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-115
Author(s):  
Sung-Deuk Oak
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Term

A study on East-Asian designations of 
pufferfish

2021 ◽  
pp. 251385022098006
Author(s):  
Hyun-suk Kwak
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Ming Dynasty ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Chinese Characters ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
China And Japan ◽  
Body Patterns ◽  
The Look ◽  
Chinese Term

In ancient Korea, pufferfish were called “복” or “복어,” whereas they have been called “hétún” (河豚) since the Ming dynasty in China, and were called “fugu” in ancient Japan. Since the introduction of the Chinese term “hétún” (河豚) into Korean and Japanese, pufferfish in Korea, China, and Japan have all been named “河豚.” Besides “하돈” (the Korean pronunciation of 河豚), pufferfish have been given various designations, such as the following: “후태” (鯸鮐) or “반어” (斑魚) based upon body patterns; “후이” (鯸鮧)” or “호이” (鰗鮧) by shape; and 
“기포어” (氣泡魚), “취두어” (吹肚魚), and “布久” by the look of its swollen belly. Other designations, such as “검돈” (黔魨), “작돈” (鵲魨), “활돈” (滑魨), “とらふぐ,” “からす,” and “ヒガンフグ,” were derived from pufferfish species, and designations like “진어” (嗔鱼) and “てっぽう” that originated from their habit also exist. As above, “복어” has various designations in each of the three countries, Korea, China, and Japan. These designations, composed of Chinese characters, influenced the others, and each country and ethnic group helped to form or transform new vocabularies. In particular, numerous terms concerning object designations in the forms of Chinese characters reveal hidden definitions of the ethnic groups and cultures in these designations. This study is focused on puffer designations in Korea, China, and Japan, how the puffer was named in each country from ancient through to modern times, and where the designations originated, and tries to determine the characteristics of each country’s puffer designations through investigation of the species and types of “pufferfish.”

The Curious Journey of “Copyright” in East Asia

2019 ◽  
pp. 21-61
Author(s):  
Fei-Hsien Wang
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
East Asia ◽  
East Asian ◽  
English Word ◽  
Local Culture ◽  
Printed Books ◽  
National Survival ◽  
The Right ◽  
Chinese Term

This chapter traces how the English word “copyright” became the Chinese term “banquan,” which literally means “the right to printing blocks.” It examines the negotiations and struggles of the early East Asian promoters and practitioners of copyright with the understandings of ownership of the book. The chapter looks at the use of words the early promoters associated with the notion of copyright. It discusses the practices they and their contemporaries undertook in the name of “the right to printing blocks” as a crucial subject of inquiry. The early promoters of copyright in East Asia portrayed copyright as a progressive universal doctrine completely alien to the local culture, one that, for the sake of national survival, needed to be transplanted artificially. The chapter also points out the “new” ways contemporaries used to declare banquan ownership that were derived from some early modern practices whereby profits were secured from printed books.

A Novel Feature Selection Framework in Chinese Term Definition Extraction

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 148-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xu Pan ◽  
Hong-Bin Gu ◽  
Zhi-Qing Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Feature Selection ◽  
Selection Framework ◽  
Chinese Term

WHAT'S IN A NAME: ZHONGGUO (OR ‘MIDDLE KINGDOM’) RECONSIDERED

2015 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 781-804 ◽  
Author(s):  
LUKE S. K. KWONG
Keyword(s):  
Middle Kingdom ◽  
Common View ◽  
Cultural Traditions ◽  
Late Qing ◽  
Chinese Nation ◽  
The Common ◽  
Salient Features ◽  
Historical Usage ◽  
Chinese Term

ABSTRACTWestern writers have long criticized the Chinese term Zhongguo, translated as ‘Middle Kingdom’, for its ethnocentric purport. This article proposes to address this criticism by re-examining salient features of Zhongguo's etymological past. The discussion is divided into two parts. The first part offers an overview of the term's historical usage and argues that contrary to the common view, Zhongguo as applied to the imagined whole of Chinese political and cultural traditions or to any of its discrete period segments had not been employed primarily as an ethnocentric expression but as a simple identity label. The second part revisits a late Qing (c. 1861–1912) episode in which Chinese writers made a rare, if not unprecedented, attempt to dispute and, indeed, to reject the name in light of the foreign criticism. Though their arguments did not, in the end, alter how nationalists named the Chinese nation, these debates revealed a cultural posture that became prevalent as educated Chinese negotiated the crossroads of modernity.

A Comparative Study of the Word Sugar and of Its Equivalents in Hindustani as Traceable to Chinese

1981 ◽  
Vol 09 (03) ◽  
pp. 187-192
Author(s):  
S. Mahdihassan
Keyword(s):  
Old French ◽  
Crystalline Form ◽  
Independent Source ◽  
Arabic Word ◽  
Small Crystals ◽  
Sanskrit Word ◽  
Sugar Plant ◽  
Sweetening Agents ◽  
Chinese Term ◽  
White Sugar

Etymology enables words to deliver past facts and can become an independent source of knowledge. Here the word sugar is traced to the Chinese term Sha-Che, literally "Sand-Sugar plant", signifying a sand-like product from the sugar plant, which is sugar. Sha-Che underwent the following phonetic changes: Sha-Che = Sha-Ke = Sha-Ker = Sharkera, which became the Sanskrit word for sugar, with the variant Sha-Kera. Its popular vernacular form became Shak-Ker. This entered Arabic as Al-Shakker, changing into Al-Sukker, pronounced as "Assuker". Muslims in Spain gave the Spanish their word when Assuker = Azucar (Spanish), Sukker, the real Arabic word, entered Old French as Suker-e, Italian as Zuker-o or Zucckero, and German as Zucker. When "k" is emphasized it can become aspirated as "kh" or doubled as "kk", or mutate into "g". Sukker then changed into Sugar with the "s" further mutating into "sh", giving the final form Shugar, written as Sugar. The Greeks directly borrowed the popular vernacular word Shakker. It was Hellenized as Sakkharon, mentioned by Discoredes in 56 A.D. From the Greek it passed into Latin as Saccharum. In India the large crystalline form of sugar is called Misri. Its Chinese original is Mi-Sha-Li, "sweet-pebble-glassy", a sweet crystalline (glassy) substance the size of pebbles. Another form of sugar is in small crystals, which in a heap apper opague-white or poreclain-white rather than transparent salt-white. Poreclain-white sugar was called Cheeni, where Cheeni = Poreclain. Thus, Cheeni does not mean Chinese sugar, nor Misri Egyptian sugar. Both these forms of sugar were sweetening agents not intended to be directly consumed. But a sweet, composed of sugar and an article of food, was known in Chinese as Kan-Di, "Sweet-Drop". This became Candy in English, Qand in Arabic, Khanda in Sanskrit and Khand in vernaculars.

Parsing-based automatic Chinese term extraction

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meng Zhang ◽  
Xiaojun Lin ◽  
Xu Dai ◽  
Xihong Wu
Keyword(s):  
Term Extraction ◽  
Chinese Term

scholarly journals Suspension: Seeking Agency for Change in the Hypermobile World

2021 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-250
Author(s):  
Biao Xiang
Keyword(s):  
Public Engagement ◽  
Analytical Approach ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Life Strategy ◽  
Ethnographic Research ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
The Public ◽  
Chinese Term ◽  
Term Field

"Suspension" is the translation of the Chinese term xuanfu, which has been widely used in public discussions in China since the mid-2010s. Suspension indicates a state of being in which people move frequently, conduct intensive labour, and pause routine life—in order to benefit fast and then quickly escape. People keep moving, with no end in sight, instead of changing their current conditions, of which they disapprove. As a result, frantic entrepreneurial energy coexists with political resignation. Suspension is a life strategy, a multitude of experiences, a feeling—and now, a keyword: a crystallized consciousness with which the public problematize their experiences. This special issue develops this term into an analytical approach based on ethnographic research involving labour migrants in and from China. This approach turns migration into a basis for critical analyses on issues far beyond it; enables co-research between researchers, migrants, and the broader public; and seeks to cultivate agency for change among actors. This introductory essay, based on the author's long-term field research and public engagement, outlines why we need such an approach, and how we might develop it.

Dual Filtering Strategy for Chinese Term Extraction

2005 ◽  
pp. 778-786 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoming Chen ◽  
Xuening Li ◽  
Yi Hu ◽  
Ruzhan Lu
Keyword(s):  
Term Extraction ◽  
Chinese Term
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