Hume's Account of Knowledge of External Objects

1975 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 471-480
Author(s):  
Robert Fendel Anderson
Keyword(s):  
External Objects

Measuring the World

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann-Sophie Barwich
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Information ◽  
Network Models ◽  
Model System ◽  
Stimulus Input ◽  
Expectancy Effects ◽  
Neural Network Models ◽  
Perceptual Object ◽  
External Objects ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Brain

How much does stimulus input shape perception? The common-sense view is that our perceptions are representations of objects and their features and that the stimulus structures the perceptual object. The problem for this view concerns perceptual biases as responsible for distortions and the subjectivity of perceptual experience. These biases are increasingly studied as constitutive factors of brain processes in recent neuroscience. In neural network models the brain is said to cope with the plethora of sensory information by predicting stimulus regularities on the basis of previous experiences. Drawing on this development, this chapter analyses perceptions as processes. Looking at olfaction as a model system, it argues for the need to abandon a stimulus-centred perspective, where smells are thought of as stable percepts, computationally linked to external objects such as odorous molecules. Perception here is presented as a measure of changing signal ratios in an environment informed by expectancy effects from top-down processes.

The Terrestrial Coordinate System and International Earth-rotation Services

1985 ◽  
Vol 38 (02) ◽  
pp. 216-217
Author(s):  
G. A. Wilkins
Keyword(s):  
Coordinate System ◽  
Earth Rotation ◽  
Reference System ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
Crustal Movements ◽  
Earth Observations ◽  
The Earth ◽  
External Reference ◽  
External Objects ◽  
Rotation Of The Earth

New techniques of measurement make it possible in 1984 to determine positions on the surface of the Earth to a much higher precision than was possible in 1884. If we look beyond the requirements of navigation we can see useful applications of global geodetic positioning to centimetric accuracy for such purposes as the control of mapping and the study of crustal movements. These new techniques depend upon observations of external objects, such as satellites or quasars rather than stars, and they require that the positions of these objects and the orientation of the surface of the Earth are both known with respect to an appropriate external reference system that is ‘fixed’ in space. We need networks of observing stations and analysis centres that monitor the motions of the external objects and the rotation of the Earth. Observations of stars by a transit circle are no longer adequate for this purpose.

scholarly journals A Semantics-Based Approach for Simplifying IFC Building Models to Facilitate the Use of BIM Models in GIS

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 4727
Author(s):  
Junxiang Zhu ◽  
Peng Wu ◽  
Chimay Anumba
Keyword(s):  
Information Modeling ◽  
Markup Language ◽  
Model Simplification ◽  
Geography Markup Language ◽  
Building Models ◽  
Solid Models ◽  
External Objects ◽  
Surface Models ◽  
Level Of Details ◽  
Building Information

Using solid building models, instead of the surface models in City Geography Markup Language (CityGML), can facilitate data integration between Building Information Modeling (BIM) and Geographic Information System (GIS). The use of solid models, however, introduces a problem of model simplification on the GIS side. The aim of this study is to solve this problem by developing a framework for generating simplified solid building models from BIM. In this framework, a set of Level of Details (LoDs) were first defined to suit solid building models—referred to as s-LoD, ranging from s-LoD1 to s-LoD4—and three unique problems in implementing s-LoDs were identified and solved by using a semantics-based approach, including identifying external objects for s-LoD2 and s-LoD3, distinguishing various slabs, and generating valid external walls for s-LoD2 and s-LoD3. The feasibility of the framework was validated by using BIM models, and the result shows that using semantics from BIM can make it easier to convert and simplify building models, which in turn makes BIM information more practical in GIS.

scholarly journals Three-Dimensional Trajectory Construction and Observation of Group Behavior of Wild Bats During Cave Emergence

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 556-563
Author(s):  
Emyo Fujioka ◽  
Mika Fukushiro ◽  
Kazusa Ushio ◽  
Kyosuke Kohyama ◽  
Hitoshi Habe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Estimation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Experimental System ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Group Behavior ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Detection And Tracking ◽  
External Objects ◽  
Behavioral Classification

Echolocating bats perceive the surrounding environment by processing echoes of their ultrasound emissions. Echolocation enables bats to avoid colliding with external objects in complete darkness. In this study, we sought to develop a method for measuring the collective behavior of echolocating bats (Miniopterus fuliginosus) emerging from their roost cave using high-sensitivity stereo-camera recording. First, we developed an experimental system to reconstruct the three-dimensional (3D) flight trajectories of bats emerging from the roost for nightly foraging. Next, we developed a method to automatically track the 3D flight paths of individual bats so that quantitative estimation of the population in proportion to the behavioral classification could be conducted. Because the classification of behavior and the estimation of population size are ecologically important indices, the method established in this study will enable quantitative investigation of how individual bats efficiently leave the roost while avoiding colliding with each other during group movement and how the group behavior of bats changes according to weather and environmental conditions. Such high-precision detection and tracking will contribute to the elucidation of the algorithm of group behavior control in creatures that move in groups together in three dimensions, such as birds.

scholarly journals Mortuary Landscapes Revisited: Dynamics of Insularity and Connectivity in Mortuary Ritual, Feasting, and Commemoration in Late Bronze Age Cyprus

Religions ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 877
Author(s):  
Teresa Bürge
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Mortuary Practices ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
Faunal Remains ◽  
Mortuary Ritual ◽  
Sacred Landscapes ◽  
External Objects

The aim of the paper is to discuss mortuary contexts and possible related ritual features as parts of sacred landscapes in Late Bronze Age Cyprus. Since the island was an important node in the Eastern Mediterranean economic network, it will be explored whether and how connectivity and insularity may be reflected in ritual and mortuary practices. The article concentrates on the extra-urban cemetery of Area A at the harbour city of Hala Sultan Tekke, where numerous pits and other shafts with peculiar deposits of complete and broken objects as well as faunal remains have been found. These will be evaluated and set in relation to the contexts of the nearby tombs to reconstruct ritual activities in connection with funerals and possible rituals of commemoration or ancestral rites. The evidence from Hala Sultan Tekke and other selected Late Cypriot sites demonstrates that these practices were highly dynamic in integrating and adopting external objects, symbols, and concepts, while, nevertheless, definite island-specific characteristics remain visible.

Children's Preference for Body or External Object on a Task Requiring Transposition and Discrimination of Right-Left Relations

1975 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 291-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald A. Winer
Keyword(s):  
First Graders ◽  
The Body ◽  
External Object ◽  
Initial Series ◽  
Alternative Systems ◽  
External Objects ◽  
Practice Trials

First graders were tested on trials requiring the discrimination and transposition of right-left relations, with stimuli similar to (dolls) or different from (toy planes) the body. On an initial series of training and practice trials children were allowed to respond to body and external objects as referents providing right-left cues. A later series of test trials was then used to determine the referent the child actually preferred. Results of the test trials indicated that 24 children tested with the dolls preferred the body as referent, while 24 children tested with planes preferred the external referent. The results were interpreted as suggesting two alternative systems through which children develop an undersranding of right-left relations and possibly other concepts as well.

The Autonomous Object of Concrete Poetry

2020 ◽  
pp. 28-61
Author(s):  
Rebecca Kosick
Keyword(s):  
Object Oriented ◽  
Concrete Poetry ◽  
External Objects ◽  
Critical Conversation ◽  
Object Oriented Ontology

In the concrete poem, language is not a representation of extra-poetic objects, feelings or ideas but an object all its own. In this chapter, Brazilian concrete poetry by Haroldo de Campos, Augusto de Campos, and Décio Pignatari is compared with other analogous forms – from Hellenistic pattern poems to Guillaume Apollinaire’s calligrams and Louis Zukofsky’s objectivism – to emphasise that what’s unique about Brazilian concrete poetry has to do with an insistence on the object as resistant to relation. In critical conversation with object-oriented ontology, this chapter shows that Brazilian concrete poetry manages to think the object’s resistance by thinking language. Without renouncing language’s ‘virtuality’ – its ability to mean – early concrete poetry stakes out a space for the poem-object to achieve a mode of autonomy akin to what theorists like Graham Harman describe. Though the poem relates by nature to the things it represents and to its writer and reader, this chapter explores concrete poetry’s self-theorisation and practical realisation as a form capable of existing autonomously from its representation of external objects. Ultimately concrete poetry even finds ways of existing apart from an authorial or reading subject when the poem, and its materiality, creates itself and determines its own readability.

Internal and External Objects of Cognition

2019 ◽  
pp. 95-130
Author(s):  
Michael Ayers
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language ◽  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Timothy Williamson ◽  
External Objects ◽  
The World ◽  
Philosophical Task

Detailed analysis is conducted of the different constructions in which ‘know’, ‘believe’, ‘see’, and cognate verbs appear in ordinary or natural language, of their functions and of the relations and differences between them: e.g. noun-clauses of the form ‘that P’ serve different purposes after each of these classes of verb, partly reflected in the proposition–fact distinction—although ‘facts’ are ontologically unsuited to be what it is in the world we know. Some relevant views of Timothy Williamson (e.g. ‘e=k’) are discussed. The emphasis in current epistemology on the ‘know/see that P’ construction is criticized—no construction, and no use of the term ‘evidence’, is philosophically best, since it is no accident that we have them all. The philosophical task is to understand how they work together—the footprints in language of our cognitive relation to reality, manifestations of what knowledge, belief, and perception are.

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