Nature and Human Nature: Environmental Influences on the Union's Failed Peninsula Campaign, 1862

Judkin Browning; Timothy Silver

doi:10.1353/cwe.2018.0048

Nature and Human Nature: Environmental Influences on the Union's Failed Peninsula Campaign, 1862

The Journal of the Civil War Era ◽

10.1353/cwe.2018.0048 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 388-415

Author(s):

Judkin Browning ◽

Timothy Silver

Keyword(s):

Human Nature ◽

Environmental Influences ◽

Peninsula Campaign

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Behavioral Testing of Mice Concerning Anxiety and Depression

Zeitschrift für Psychologie ◽

10.1027/2151-2604/a000215 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 223 (3) ◽

pp. 151-156 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Nina Schweinfurth ◽

Undine E. Lang

Keyword(s):

Environmental Influences ◽

Sickness Behavior ◽

Laboratory Research ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Housing Conditions ◽

Human Beings ◽

Behavioral Testing ◽

New Developments ◽

Animal Trials ◽

Resilience Factors

Abstract. In the development of new psychiatric drugs and the exploration of their efficacy, behavioral testing in mice has always shown to be an inevitable procedure. By studying the behavior of mice, diverse pathophysiological processes leading to depression, anxiety, and sickness behavior have been revealed. Moreover, laboratory research in animals increased at least the knowledge about the involvement of a multitude of genes in anxiety and depression. However, multiple new possibilities to study human behavior have been developed recently and improved and enable a direct acquisition of human epigenetic, imaging, and neurotransmission data on psychiatric pathologies. In human beings, the high influence of environmental and resilience factors gained scientific importance during the last years as the search for key genes in the development of affective and anxiety disorders has not been successful. However, environmental influences in human beings themselves might be better understood and controllable than in mice, where environmental influences might be as complex and subtle. The increasing possibilities in clinical research and the knowledge about the complexity of environmental influences and interferences in animal trials, which had been underestimated yet, question more and more to what extent findings from laboratory animal research translate to human conditions. However, new developments in behavioral testing of mice involve the animals’ welfare and show that housing conditions of laboratory mice can be markedly improved without affecting the standardization of results.

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