scholarly journals Revelation and Normativity in Visual Experience

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoltán Jakab
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Correct Response ◽  
Visual Experience ◽  
Color Perception ◽  
Color Discrimination ◽  
Shape Perception ◽  
Shape Discrimination ◽  
Discrimination Experiment ◽  
Green Is ◽  
The Third

Suppose Figure 1 depicts Stimuli from an experiment on shape discrimination, where the subjects are asked to point out the best circle.Now suppose that Figure 2 shows Stimuli from a color-discrimination experiment where the subjects’ task is to pick the purest green — green that is neither yellowish nor bluish — in other words, is unique green.In both these tasks there are individual differences between different subjects. However, notice that in the shape-discrimination case there is exactly one correct response: the best circle is the fourth from the left. In the color case it is not obvious, to put it mildly, that there is exactly one correct response. One color-normal subject may find that the purest green is the third from the left, whereas another may choose the fifth from the left, and still another may pick the fourth. Who is right, and who is wrong? More importantly, why is there this difference between shape perception and color perception?

Anisotropy in Haptic Curvature and Shape Perception

Perception ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 573-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvia C Pont ◽  
Astrid M L Kappers ◽  
Jan J Koenderink
Keyword(s):  
Major Part ◽  
Shape Perception ◽  
Width Ratio ◽  
Shape Discrimination ◽  
Discrimination Experiment ◽  
Length Width

An investigation was undertaken into whether haptic comparison of curvature and of shape is influenced by the length/width ratio of the hand. For this purpose three experiments were conducted to test the curvature matching of curved strips (experiment 1), the curvature matching of cylindrically curved hand-sized surfaces (experiment 2), and the shape discrimination of elliptically curved hand-sized surfaces (experiment 3). The orientation of the stimuli with respect to the fingers was varied. The results of the two matching experiments showed that a given curvature is judged to be more curved when touched along the fingers than when touched across the fingers. The phenomenal flatness along and across the fingers was found to be different and subject dependent. The results of the shape-discrimination experiment showed that the orientation of ellipsoidal surfaces influences the judgments of the shapes of these surfaces. This influence could be predicted on the basis of results of the second matching experiment. It is concluded that similar mechanisms underlie the (anisotropic) perception of curvature and shape. For the major part the trends in the results can be explained by the length/width ratio of the hand and the phenomenal flatnesses.

Hearing words changes color perception: Facilitation of color discrimination by verbal and visual cues

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lewis Forder ◽  
Gary Lupyan
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cues ◽  
Color Word ◽  
Color Perception ◽  
Color Discrimination ◽  
Target Color ◽  
Discrimination Accuracy ◽  
Verbal Cues ◽  
The Moment

As part of learning some languages, people learn to name colors using categorical labels such as “red”, “yellow”, and “green”. Such labeling clearly facilitates communicating about colors, but does it also impact color perception? We demonstrate that simply hearing color words enhances categorical color perception, improving people’s accuracy in discriminating between simultaneously presented colors in an untimed task. Immediately after hearing a color word participants were better able to distinguish between colors from the named category and colors from nearby categories. Discrimination was also enhanced between typical and atypical category members. Verbal cues slightly decreased discrimination accuracy between two typical shades of the named color. In contrast to verbal cues, a preview of the target color, an arguably more informative cue, failed to yield any changes to discrimination accuracy. The finding that color words strongly affect color discrimination accuracy suggests that categorical color perception may be due to color representations being augmented in-the-moment by language.

Rhodopsins at a glance

2021 ◽  
Vol 134 (22) ◽  
Author(s):  
Takashi Nagata ◽  
Keiichi Inoue
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Proteins ◽  
Cell Membrane ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Color Discrimination ◽  
Halobacterium Salinarum ◽  
Halophilic Archaeon ◽  
The Third ◽  
Retinal Chromophore

ABSTRACT Rhodopsins are photoreceptive membrane proteins consisting of a common heptahelical transmembrane architecture that contains a retinal chromophore. Rhodopsin was first discovered in the animal retina in 1876, but a different type of rhodopsin, bacteriorhodopsin, was reported to be present in the cell membrane of an extreme halophilic archaeon, Halobacterium salinarum, 95 years later. Although these findings were made by physiological observation of pigmented tissue and cell bodies, recent progress in genomic and metagenomic analyses has revealed that there are more than 10,000 microbial rhodopsins and 9000 animal rhodopsins with large diversity and tremendous new functionality. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and accompanying poster, we provide an overview of the diversity of functions, structures, color discrimination mechanisms and optogenetic applications of these two rhodopsin families, and will also highlight the third distinctive rhodopsin family, heliorhodopsin.

Chinese Students' Learning Strategies in Learning Spanish as a Second Language

2020 ◽  
pp. 129-141
Author(s):  
María del Carmen Azpiroz
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
International Students ◽  
International Education ◽  
Learning Strategies ◽  
Chinese Students ◽  
Recipient Country ◽  
Approaches To Learning ◽  
Spanish Speaking ◽  
The Third ◽  
L2 Spanish

Since the beginning of the 21st century, international education has grown at an extraordinary rate, and even countries like Uruguay, which has not been a recipient country of a significant flow of international students, has experienced an important increase of students from other countries and cultures. L2 Spanish learners from several Chinese universities travel to a Spanish-speaking country in the third year of their major to attend Spanish and culture lessons during two academic semesters. The aim of increasing the knowledge of Chinese approaches to learning is part of the interest of researchers and teachers in expanding their understanding of individual differences in learning. This chapter summarizes the research carried out at Universidad ORT Uruguay that focuses on identifying and understanding L2 (Spanish) strategies to learning.

Predicting Information Retrieval Performance

1988 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 301-305
Author(s):  
Robert D. Peters ◽  
Gloria T. Yastrop ◽  
Deborah A. Boehm-Davis
Keyword(s):  
Information Retrieval ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Correct Response ◽  
Database Design ◽  
Tabular Form ◽  
Perceptual Speed ◽  
Retrieval Performance

This research examined the effects two different cognitive individual differences (perceptual speed and spatial scanning) on information retrieval performance under two matched and two mismatched database format/query conditions. A graphic and a tabular form of an airline database were constructed, along with questions that required users to search through the database to determine the correct response. Two types of questions were designed - graphic and tabular. The data indicate that users are faster when the format of the information in the database matches the type of information needed to answer the question and that cognitive individual differences are differentially predictive of performance in the matched and mismatched conditions. Recommendations for database design are presented.

scholarly journals INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN THE STRUCTURE OF COLOR PERCEPTION

1960 ◽  
Vol 1960 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl E. Helm ◽  
Ledyard R Tucker
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Color Perception

scholarly journals Chimpanzee ‘folk physics’: bringing failures into focus

2012 ◽  
Vol 367 (1603) ◽  
pp. 2743-2752 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Seed ◽  
Eleanor Seddon ◽  
Bláthnaid Greene ◽  
Josep Call
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Developmental Psychology ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Folk Physics ◽  
The Third

Differences between individuals are the raw material from which theories of the evolution and ontogeny of cognition are built. For example, when 4-year-old children pass a test requiring them to communicate the content of another's falsely held belief, while 3-year-olds fail, we know that something must change over the course of the third year of life. In the search for what develops or evolves, the typical route is to probe the extents and limits of successful individuals' ability. Another is to focus on those that failed, and find out what difference or lack prevented them from passing the task. Recent research in developmental psychology has harnessed individual differences to illuminate the cognitive mechanisms that emerge to enable success. We apply this approach to explaining some of the failures made by chimpanzees when using tools to solve problems. Twelve of 16 chimpanzees failed to discriminate between a complete and a broken tool when, after being set down, the ends of the broken one were aligned in front of them. There was a correlation between performance on this aligned task and another in which after being set down, the centre of both tools was covered , suggesting that the limiting factor was not the representation of connection, but memory or attention. Some chimpanzees that passed the aligned task passed a task in which the location of the broken tool was never visible but had to be inferred.

Some Determinants of Individual Differences in the Behaviour of Children of Parentally Deprived Parents

1988 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
John J. Sigal ◽  
Jana Meislova ◽  
Joseph Beltempo ◽  
Daniel Silver
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Survey Instrument ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Marital Problems ◽  
Professional Help ◽  
The Third ◽  
Parental Background ◽  
Children’S Behaviour ◽  
First And Second Generation

Parents who had been placed in an orphanage as children rated the behaviour of all their children who were between the ages of 6–18 years on a children's behaviour survey instrument. All families were intact and the parents had not requested professional help for marital problems. A significant number of relationships were found between parental background variables and higher reported levels of conflict with siblings and with parents, dependent-unassertive behaviour, and undemandingness in the children. Although sampling difficulties preclude generalization, the results suggest that repercussion of events in the lives of the first and second generation that are usually pathogenic may be seen in the third generation, even when the second generation may not be grossly adversely affected. These events most frequently related to individual differences in the third generation in the area of undercontrol of aggression directed toward parents and siblings.

Bilateral lesions of nucleus subpretectalis/interstitio-pretecto-subpretectalis (SP/IPS) selectively impair figure–ground discrimination in pigeons

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
ERIN N. SCULLY ◽  
MARTIN J. ACERBO ◽  
OLGA F. LAZAREVA
Keyword(s):  
Color Discrimination ◽  
Lower Activity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Shape Discrimination ◽  
Avian Brain ◽  
Complex Nucleus ◽  
Nucleus Rotundus ◽  
Bilateral Lesions ◽  
Visual Discriminations

AbstractEarlier, we reported that nucleus rotundus (Rt) together with its inhibitory complex, nucleus subpretectalis/interstitio-pretecto-subpretectalis (SP/IPS), had significantly higher activity in pigeons performing figure–ground discrimination than in the control group that did not perform any visual discriminations. In contrast, color discrimination produced significantly higher activity than control in the Rt but not in the SP/IPS. Finally, shape discrimination produced significantly lower activity than control in both the Rt and the SP/IPS. In this study, we trained pigeons to simultaneously perform three visual discriminations (figure–ground, color, and shape) using the same stimulus displays. When birds learned to perform all three tasks concurrently at high levels of accuracy, we conducted bilateral chemical lesions of the SP/IPS. After a period of recovery, the birds were retrained on the same tasks to evaluate the effect of lesions on maintenance of these discriminations. We found that the lesions of the SP/IPS had no effect on color or shape discrimination and that they significantly impaired figure–ground discrimination. Together with our earlier data, these results suggest that the nucleus Rt and the SP/IPS are the key structures involved in figure–ground discrimination. These results also imply that thalamic processing is critical for figure–ground segregation in avian brain.

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