Foreign Aid and Democratization: Benin and Niger Compared

2005 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 67-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mamoudou Gazibo
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Aid ◽  
Path Dependency ◽  
Financial Assistance ◽  
Democratic Process ◽  
Economic Support ◽  
Path Dependent ◽  
Critical Moments

Abstract:This article compares the democratization process in Benin and Niger in the decade from 1989 to 1999 and emphasizes the influence of external donors with regard to their economic support of democratization. The task is twofold. First, I try to understand why, though these two aid-dependent countries share many initial similarities, the former received more external financial assistance than the latter. I build upon New Institutionalist concepts such as timing, sequence, and path dependency to demonstrate that the probability and continuity of foreign aid depend both on the timing and on sequences of the transition—a combination that may or may not produce a path-dependent phenomenon with regard to the donors. Second, I argue that the capacity of foreign aid to foster democratization depends largely on its timing, particularly in critical moments of the democratic process.

Foreign Aid, FDI and Economic Growth in South-East Asia and South Asia

2020 ◽  
pp. 097215091989095
Author(s):  
D. Tripati Rao ◽  
Narayan Sethi ◽  
Devi Prasad Dash ◽  
Padmaja Bhujabal
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Foreign Aid ◽  
South Asia ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Trade Openness ◽  
Financial Assistance ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Domestic Investment

We examine the interrelationship among foreign aid, foreign direct investment (FDI) and economic growth in South-East Asia (SEA) and South Asia (SA) during 1980–2016. The findings from alternative empirical estimations suggest that while foreign aid is negatively associated with FDI as well as growth, FDI positively influences growth. Further, governmental financial assistance to private sector for domestic investment turns out to be important in all empirical estimations insofar as positively associated with FDI flows as well as growth. We, therefore, infer that low-income SEA and SA economies should focus on channelizing governmental financial assistance to private sector for domestic investment, macroeconomic stabilization, trade openness, and efficient utilization of aid flows, in order to attract, absorb and reap the benefits of complementing FDI flows and sustaining higher economic growth.

Path-dependency and coordination in multi-candidate elections with behavioral voters

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 520-545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Costel Andonie ◽  
Daniel Diermeier
Keyword(s):  
Stationary Distribution ◽  
Voting Behavior ◽  
Behavioral Model ◽  
Path Dependency ◽  
Plurality Rule ◽  
Aspiration Level ◽  
Initial State ◽  
Positive Impression ◽  
Path Dependent ◽  
Negative Impression

We consider a behavioral model of voting in multi-candidate elections under plurality rule. In the case of a positive impression of the campaign leader, voters increase their propensity to vote for that candidate, while in the case of a negative impression voters decrease their propensity. The formation of positive or negative impressions depends on an endogenous aspiration level. We show that in multi-candidate elections, in any stationary distribution, the winner receives a share of 50% of votes. Our results suggest that achieving coordination is ‘path-dependent’: whether voters manage to coordinate on the majority-preferred candidate critically depends on the initial state. We then identify conditions that make the election of the majority-preferred candidate more likely. However, even if the majority candidate is elected for sure, voting behavior is only partially coordinated.

Public Ignorance or Elitist Jargon? Reconsidering Americans’ Overestimates of Government Waste and Foreign Aid

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 152-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Williamson
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Aid ◽  
Military Spending ◽  
Substantial Part ◽  
Democratic Process ◽  
Democratic Accountability ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Ignorance

Widespread and profound public misinformation about government presents a serious challenge for democratic accountability. This article demonstrates that two of the most commonly-cited examples of public misperception of government are overstated, due in substantial part, to differences of elite and popular terminology. “Foreign aid” is widely understood to encompass overseas military spending, and the term “government waste” is popularly used to discuss systemic failures of the democratic process. Failing to take account of what members of the public mean by “waste” and “foreign aid,” existing studies overestimate public ignorance and obscure the substance of public critiques of U.S. policy, particularly among the less educated. The results of this article suggest the need for a reconsideration of what qualifies as evidence of public misinformation, and what that evidence implies for voters’ capacity to assess their government.

The impact of the scope of technological search on path-dependence in export specialization: evidence for European countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 1611-1635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Reinstaller ◽  
Peter Reschenhofer
Keyword(s):  
Path Dependence ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Path Dependency ◽  
Product Lines ◽  
Technological Search ◽  
Path Dependent ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Export Specialization ◽  
Different Levels

Abstract This paper examines how product relatedness and the breadth of technological search affect the path-dependent development of export specializations across countries documented in prior research. The results of the econometric analysis in this paper show that broader technological search in an industry has a positive impact on the development of comparative advantages in the product lines it exports. The interplay between product relatedness and the scope of technological search has a two-edged character. On the one hand, broader technological search supports adjustments and consolidations of the export baskets on the extensive margin. This contributes to weaken path-dependency. On the other hand, it fosters the competitiveness of products that are related to current export specializations, and thereby promotes path-dependency on the intensive margin of trade. These results differ across countries with different levels of technological capabilities.

scholarly journals Dynamic path-dependent landslide susceptibility modelling

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 271-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jalal Samia ◽  
Arnaud Temme ◽  
Arnold Bregt ◽  
Jakob Wallinga ◽  
Fausto Guzzetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Landslide Susceptibility ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Path Dependency ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Susceptibility Maps ◽  
Multi Temporal ◽  
Susceptibility Model ◽  
Characteristic Spatial Scale ◽  
Path Dependent

Abstract. This contribution tests the added value of including landslide path dependency in statistically based landslide susceptibility modelling. A conventional pixel-based landslide susceptibility model was compared with a model that includes landslide path dependency and with a purely path-dependent landslide susceptibility model. To quantify path dependency among landslides, we used a space–time clustering (STC) measure derived from Ripley's space–time K function implemented on a point-based multi-temporal landslide inventory from the Collazzone study area in central Italy. We found that the values of STC obey an exponential-decay curve with a characteristic timescale of 17 years and characteristic spatial scale of 60 m. This exponential space–time decay of the effect of a previous landslide on landslide susceptibility was used as the landslide path-dependency component of susceptibility models. We found that the performance of the conventional landslide susceptibility model improved considerably when adding the effect of landslide path dependency. In fact, even the purely path-dependent landslide susceptibility model turned out to perform better than the conventional landslide susceptibility model. The conventional plus path-dependent and path-dependent landslide susceptibility model and their resulting maps are dynamic and change over time, unlike conventional landslide susceptibility maps.

scholarly journals Path Dependency in Theatre Funding

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-71
Author(s):  
Heili Einasto ◽  
Evelin Lagle
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Financial Support ◽  
Path Dependency ◽  
Everyday Practice ◽  
Contemporary Dance ◽  
Historical Legacy ◽  
The Public ◽  
Or Practice ◽  
History Of ◽  
Path Dependent

Estonian contemporary dance emerged in the early 1990s outside established theatre institutions. Since then, it has existed in a project-based format, which means that though dance artists can receive funding for preparing projects, there is no financial support for facilities needed for everyday practice outside or between the projects. The type of venues available for practicing contemporary dance has an impact on choreographic practice presented for the public, even if that dimension often remains invisible.Funding policy, like other policies, is greatly affected by the historical legacy of a particular policy (that is, path dependent), and the same can be claimed about choreographic practice. Therefore, in order to understand why a certain policy or practice prevails and is resistant to change even if it becomes problematic, it is necessary to look at the beginning of the path. In the present article, the history of theatre and dance funding in Estonia is taken as an example to discuss how that history affects the present in terms of choices by dance practitioners. Though Estonia is taken as an example, the situation is far from unique and therefore can serve as a case for analyzing similar situations in other countries.

scholarly journals The post-political nature of marine spatial planning and modalities for its re-politicisation

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Clarke ◽  
Wesley Flannery
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Planning ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Path Dependency ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Marine Spatial Planning ◽  
Political Condition ◽  
Transformative Capacity ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
Sufficient Detail ◽  
Path Dependent

Marine spatial planning (MSP) has become the most adopted approach for sustainablemarine governance. While MSP has transformative capacity, evaluations of itsimplementation illustrate large gaps between how it is conceptualised and how it ispracticed. We argue that these gaps arise from MSP being implemented throughpost-political processes. Although MSP has been explored through post-politicallenses, these evaluations are incomplete and do not provide sufficient detail aboutthe complex nature of the post-political condition. Drawing on seminal literature,we conceptualise the post-political as consisting of highly interconnectedmodalities of depoliticisation, including: neoliberalism; choreographed participation;path dependency; technocratic-managerialism; and the illusion of progressivechange. Using these modalities as an analytical framework, we evaluate EnglishMSP and find that it focuses on entrenching neoliberal logic through: tokenisticparticipation; wholescale adoption of path-dependent solutions; obstructionistdeployment of inactive technological solutions; and promising progressive change.We do not, however, view the post-political condition as unresolvable and wedevelop a suite of suggestions for the re-politicisation of MSP which, collectively,could form the basis for more radical forms of MSP.

scholarly journals Characteristics of landslide path dependency revealed through multiple resolution landslide inventories in the Nepal Himalaya

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Storm Roberts ◽  
Joshua Jones ◽  
Sarah Boulton
Keyword(s):  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Landslide Susceptibility ◽  
Random Distribution ◽  
Path Dependency ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Nepal Himalaya ◽  
Size Type ◽  
Path Dependent ◽  
Region Size ◽  
Degree Of Overlap

Recent research in Umbria, Italy, has shown that landslide susceptibility is controlled by a process called path-dependency, which describes how past landslides control the locations of future landslides. To date, landslide path-dependency has only been characterised in Italy. This raises the question of whether this process occurs in other geomorphic settings, and thus whether path-dependency should be more universally included in landslide susceptibility assessments. Therefore, the main aim of this paper is to investigate and quantify landslide path dependency in the Nepal Himalaya. This is achieved by applying several path dependent metrics to three monsoon-triggered landslide inventories for the central-eastern Nepal Himalaya. These inventories were developed at two different spatial and temporal resolutions. As such, we aim not just to quantify landslide path-dependency, but also assess whether path dependency characteristics are resolution-dependent. We find strong evidence that landslide path dependency is occurring in Nepal, with all three inventories having more overlap between past and new landslides than expected from a random distribution, and a tentative observation that the expected degree of overlap between landslides decreases with time. Finally, whilst path-dependency is observable across both of the investigated inventory resolutions, we find that the rates and magnitudes of the quantified path dependent metrics are sensitive to inventory length, study region size and the size/type of landslides mapped. Overall, our results corroborate the path-dependency observations from Italy, confirming that this process does occur in other geomorphic settings, and thus suggesting that path-dependency should be explicitly and universally considered in landslide susceptibility approaches.

scholarly journals Dynamic path dependent landslide susceptibility modelling

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jalal Samia ◽  
Arnaud Temme ◽  
Arnold Bregt ◽  
Jakob Wallinga ◽  
Fausto Guzzetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Landslide Susceptibility ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Path Dependency ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Characteristic Time Scale ◽  
Characteristic Space ◽  
Multi Temporal ◽  
Susceptibility Model ◽  
Path Dependent

Abstract. This contribution tests the added value of including landslide path dependency in statistically-based landslide susceptibility modelling. A conventional pixel-based landslide susceptibility model was compared with a model that includes landslide path dependency, and with a purely path dependent landslide susceptibility model. To quantify path dependency among landslides, we used a Space-Time Clustering (STC) measure derived from Ripley's space-time K function implemented on a point-based multi-temporal landslide inventory from the Collazzone study area in central Italy. We found that the values of STC obey an exponential decay curve with characteristic time scale of 17 years, and characteristic space scale of 60 meters. This exponential space-time decay of the effect of a previous landslide on landslide susceptibility was used as the landslide path dependency component of susceptibility models. We found that the performance of the conventional landslide susceptibility model improved considerably when adding the effect of landslide path dependency. In fact, even the purely path dependent landslide susceptibility model turned out to perform better than the conventional landslide susceptibility model. The conventional plus path dependent and path dependent landslide susceptibility model and their resulted maps are dynamic and change over time unlike conventional landslide susceptibility maps.

Meta Governance of Path Dependencies: Regulation, Welfare, and Markets

2020 ◽  
Vol 691 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-49
Author(s):  
John Braithwaite
Keyword(s):  
Path Dependence ◽  
Path Dependency ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
Regulatory State ◽  
Economic Crises ◽  
Market System ◽  
Path Dependencies ◽  
Welfare Institutions ◽  
Path Dependent ◽  
Multiple Interactions

Regulation, welfare, and markets grow interdependently, shaping, reinforcing, and supporting each other: markets allow for the expansion of welfare states, and welfare states create demand for regulatory state services that help to solve perceived welfare problems. Crises can drive this path dependency because they create opportunities for growth in markets, regulation, and welfare institutions. The momentum toward interdependent risk of ecological crises, economic crises, and security crises is formidable, but regulatory-welfare-market path dependencies might be mustered to counter it. This article proposes a meta governance of path dependence, emphasizing multiple interactions in the regulation-welfare-market system and suggesting that meta governance can steer path-dependent regulation, welfare, and markets in the governance of crises. I discuss whether patterns of path dependence explain why regulation, welfare, and markets interdependently persist and grow.

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