Development of fish tests for endocrine disruptors

2003 ◽  
Vol 75 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 2343-2353 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. H. Hutchinson ◽  
H. Yokota ◽  
S. Hagino ◽  
K. Ozato
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Developmental Toxicity ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Full Life Cycle ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Gonadal Somatic Index

International concern over endocrine active substances (EASs) has led to intensive research programmes to establish fish reproductive and developmental toxicity tests for use in environmental (ecological) risk assessment. This chapter gives an overview of key themes of in vivo ecotoxicology research, including fish screening assays, partial life-cycle tests (the draft OECD fish reproduction test and the new fish development test) and fish full life-cycle tests. In the context of the OECD test guidelines program, fish species of primary interest include fathead minnow, medaka and zebrafish, while guppy, rainbow trout, sheepshead minnow, and three-spined stickleback are also of scientific importance. Critical factors for evaluation include baseline reproductive biology and definition of EAS sensitive life-stages. For regulatory applications, a critical review of existing fish EAS data suggests that apical adverse effect endpoints, namely development, growth and reproduction (e.g., fecundity, fertilization rates, and hatching success) should be used to derive predicted no-effect concentrations (PNECs) for the environmental risk assessment of EASs. In support of these apical adverse effect endpoints, biomarker responses (e.g., vitellogenin, gonadal-somatic index, and gonad histopathology) should be used to provide mechanistic data, compare species (e.g., cyprinids vs. salmonids), and allow extrapolation between laboratory and field studies.

Subchronic and Developmental Toxicity of Aromatic Extracts

2014 ◽  
Vol 33 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 136S-155S ◽  
Author(s):  
Walden E. Dalbey ◽  
Richard H. McKee ◽  
Katy Olsavsky Goyak ◽  
Jeffrey H. Charlap ◽  
Craig Parker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aromatic Compounds ◽  
Developmental Toxicity ◽  
Reproductive Toxicity ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Multiple Organs ◽  
Petroleum Fractions ◽  
Adverse Effect Level ◽  
Effect Level

Aromatic extracts (AEs; distillate AEs [DAEs] and residual AEs [RAEs]) are complex, highly viscous liquid petroleum streams with variable compositions derived by extraction of aromatic compounds from distillate and residual petroleum fractions from a vacuum distillation tower, respectively. The DAEs generally contain significant amounts of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) and are carcinogenic. The RAEs typically contain lower concentrations of biologically active PACs. The PACs in refinery streams can cause effects in repeated-dose and developmental toxicity studies. In a 13-week dermal study, light paraffinic DAE had several dose-related effects involving multiple organs; no-observed-effect level was <5 mg/kg/d, with no overt toxicity. Predicted dose-responses at 10% (PDR10s), modeled doses causing a 10% effect on sensitive end points based on PAC content, ranged from 25 to 78 mg/kg/d for untested paraffinic DAEs. The no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) for developmental toxicity for light paraffinic DAE was 5 mg/kg/d. Statistically significant developmental effects at higher doses were associated with maternal effects. The PDR10s for developmental toxicity of paraffinic DAEs ranged from 7 to >2000 mg/kg/d, reflecting differences due to variation in PACs. The NOAELs for RAEs were 500 mg/kg for 90-day studies and 2000 mg/kg for developmental toxicity. Reproductive toxicity is not considered to be a sensitive end point for AEs based on the toxicity tests with DAEs, RAEs, and other PAC-containing petroleum substances. In vivo micronucleus tests on heavy paraffinic DAE, RAEs, and a range of other petroleum substances have been negative. The exception to this general trend was a marginally positive response with light paraffinic DAE. Most DAEs are considered unlikely to produce chromosomal effects in vivo.

The Definition of Hormesis and its Implications for In Vitro to In Vivo Extrapolation and Risk Assessment

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 603-607 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hester van der Woude ◽  
Gerrit M. Alink ◽  
Ivonne M. C. M. Rietjens
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
In Vivo Extrapolation

scholarly journals The Role of the Professional Community in the Development of the Engineering Market in Russia

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 246-263
Author(s):  
V. G. Zinov ◽  
O. A. Yeremchenko
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Professional Community ◽  
High Technology ◽  
National Register ◽  
Full Life Cycle ◽  
Technology Products ◽  
Full Life ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Regulatory Organization

The barriers to the development of the industrial engineering market as a tool to ensure the full life cycle of high technology products in Russia are considered. The problem is the most difficult to overcome barriers attributed to the vague definition of engineering services and the problem of trust between participants. Proposals were substantiated to clarify the content of engineering activities and intensify the professional community in the direction of creating a self-regulatory organization as a generator of communication and certification activities, as well as creating an updated national register of engineering companies.

scholarly journals Modelling effects of diquat under realistic exposure patterns in genetically differentiated populations of the gastropod Lymnaea stagnalis

2010 ◽  
Vol 365 (1557) ◽  
pp. 3485-3494 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginie Ducrot ◽  
Alexandre R. R. Péry ◽  
Laurent Lagadic
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Lymnaea Stagnalis ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Hatching Rate ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Juvenile Mortality ◽  
Chemical Risk Assessment ◽  
Full Life Cycle ◽  
Exposure Patterns

Pesticide use leads to complex exposure and response patterns in non-target aquatic species, so that the analysis of data from standard toxicity tests may result in unrealistic risk forecasts. Developing models that are able to capture such complexity from toxicity test data is thus a crucial issue for pesticide risk assessment. In this study, freshwater snails from two genetically differentiated populations of Lymnaea stagnalis were exposed to repeated acute applications of environmentally realistic concentrations of the herbicide diquat, from the embryo to the adult stage. Hatching rate, embryonic development duration, juvenile mortality, feeding rate and age at first spawning were investigated during both exposure and recovery periods. Effects of diquat on mortality were analysed using a threshold hazard model accounting for time-varying herbicide concentrations. All endpoints were significantly impaired at diquat environmental concentrations in both populations. Snail evolutionary history had no significant impact on their sensitivity and responsiveness to diquat, whereas food acted as a modulating factor of toxicant-induced mortality. The time course of effects was adequately described by the model, which thus appears suitable to analyse long-term effects of complex exposure patterns based upon full life cycle experiment data. Obtained model outputs (e.g. no-effect concentrations) could be directly used for chemical risk assessment.

Occurrence, environmental impacts and removal of legacy and emerging contaminants from two wastewater and one water treatment plant in Southern Ontario. Part II: environmental impacts

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 315-328
Author(s):  
Shahram Tabe ◽  
Joanne Parrott ◽  
Monica Nowierski ◽  
Vince Pileggi ◽  
Sonya Kleywegt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Algal Growth ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting Compounds ◽  
Full Life Cycle ◽  
Treated Effluent ◽  
Full Life

This is part two of a paper about the potential environmental impacts of treated effluent from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) discharging to the Detroit River in Windsor, Ontario, Canada. The WWTP uses conventional activated sludge with nitrification. The assessment was conducted over six months using a variety of established tests, including in vitro cell-based screening assays, as well as acute, chronic and full-life cycle in vivo exposures. Effluent monitoring included pharmaceutically active compounds and endocrine disrupting compounds. No tests reported significant toxicity. However, enhanced algal growth was observed in a Pseudokerchneriella subcapitata growth inhibition test. In full life-cycle fathead minnow exposure, liver-somatic index changes were noted in exposed fish – increases for males, decreases for females – and production of viable fry decreased. Neither alteration is thought biologically significant. Because the effluent is diluted substantially by the receiving water, the level of risk posed to aquatic receptors and the environment is probably negligible.

scholarly journals Increase coherence, cooperation and cross-compliance of regulations on chemicals and water quality

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
John Munthe ◽  
Jenny Lexén ◽  
Tina Skårman ◽  
Leo Posthuma ◽  
Werner Brack ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Information Exchange ◽  
Sustainable Chemistry ◽  
Chemical Contamination ◽  
Chemical Safety ◽  
Full Life Cycle ◽  
Regulatory Frameworks ◽  
Early Action ◽  
Safe By Design

Abstract An analysis of existing regulatory frameworks for chemicals reveals a fragmented situation with a number of regulatory frameworks designed for specific groups of chemicals; for protection of different end-points and covering different parts of the chemicals´ life cycle stages. Lack of- and fragmented information on chemicals (properties, use, emissions as well as fate, occurrence and effects in the environment) limit the ability for assessment and early action, and existing legislation would benefit from more transparency and openness of information and knowledge. To achieve harmonisation of existing legislation and an efficient control of chemical contamination of European waters, a solution-focused approach is proposed including increased ambitions (in monitoring, modelling, and risk assessment), cooperation and dialogue. More holistic and efficient development and implementation of existing legislation can be achieved by better cooperation, harmonisation and information exchange between different regulatory frameworks and by improved science–policy interactions. The introduction of an organisational structure and incentives for cooperation are proposed. Cooperation should focus on harmonisation of advanced monitoring activities, modelling, prioritisation, risk assessment and assessment of risk prevention (‘safe by design’) and minimisation options. A process for dialogue and information exchange between existing policy frameworks and with stakeholders (industry, NGO´s, etc.) should be included to identify feasible options for mitigation as well as regulatory gaps—on local and EU-scales. There is also a need to increase international cooperation and strengthen global agreements to cover the full life cycle of chemicals (produced and consumed globally) and for exchanging knowledge and experiences to allow early action. This recommended action would also provide knowledge and a framework for a shift towards a sustainable chemistry approach for chemical safety based on a “safe by design” concept.

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