Critical evaluation of observed adverse effects of endocrine active substances on reproduction and development, the immune system, and the nervous system

2003 ◽  
Vol 75 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 2099-2123 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. O'Connor ◽  
R. E. Chapin
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
Environmental Pollutants ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Active Substances

The last 40 years have seen many reports that man-made chemicals and environmental pollutants cause adverse effects in humans and wildlife; however, actually linking an exposure with a mechanism and an effect has yet to be done for endocrine disruption. Certainly, studies in experimental animals have shown that sufficient doses of select compounds can disrupt the endocrine system and produce the attendant adverse outcomes. The purpose of this contribution is to evaluate some of the recent reports of the adverse effects on reproduction and development, the immune system, and the nervous system that have been observed in experimental animals after treatment with man-made chemicals and environmental pollutants. Space limitations prevent us from presenting a comprehensive review of all reported endocrine active chemicals and their effects. Instead, we have focused on drawing conclusions as to the scope and etiology of the adverse effects in experimental animals using examples from the scientific literature, and on suggesting a path forward for further work.

Environmental exposures impact the nervous system in a life stage-specific manner

Neuroforum ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Tigges ◽  
Tamara Schikowski ◽  
Ellen Fritsche
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Environmental Pollutants ◽  
Toxicity Assessment ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Assessment Process ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Adverse Health Effects

Abstract Exposure to environmental pollutants like chemicals or air pollution is major health concern for the human population. Especially the nervous system is a sensitive target for environmental toxins with exposures leading to life stage-dependent neurotoxicity. Developmental and adult neurotoxicity are characterized by specific adverse outcomes ranging from neurodevelopmental disorders to neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. The risk assessment process for human health protection is currently undergoing a paradigm change toward new approach methods that allow mechanism-based toxicity assessment. As a flagship project, an in vitro battery of test methods for developmental neurotoxicity evaluation is currently supported by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). A plethora of stem cell-based methods including brain spheres and organoids are currently further developed to achieve time- and cost-saving tools for linking MoA-based hazards to adverse health effects observed in humans.

scholarly journals Immunity – a Significant Pathogenic Factor as Well as an Integral Part of the Psychoneuroendocrine-Immune Regulations

2018 ◽  
pp. 165-173
Author(s):  
F. Vožeh
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Regulation ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Short Review ◽  
The Body ◽  
Pathogenic Factor ◽  
Essential Factor ◽  
Detailed Understanding ◽  
Health And Disease

Immunity plays an important role in the reactivity of the organism and, in this context, is an essential factor in the pathogenesis of many diseases. Basically, there is no system or organ in the body, whose dysfunction is not related to immunity consequences. In addition, there are also multisystem diseases simultaneously involving multiple body systems. They are not always caused by weak immunity, but also often by modified immune reactions known as overshooting. The essence of all these diseases is a change in the reactivity of the organism where immunity plays an important role. The immunity as such is then part of the systems of neuroendocrine-immune regulation, which have common mediators and receptors. The establishment of psychoneuroimmunology, a relatively new discipline in neuroscience, contributed to a detailed understanding of these mechanisms between central and peripheral nervous system, the endocrine system and the immune system. This research enabled the uncovering of the nature of stress-diseases and impact of other regulatory disturbances on the function of various body organs and systems of the organism as a whole. The aim of this short review is to show complex interconnections of these relationships to better understand the human health and disease.

scholarly journals Evaluation of interleukin-6 concentration in the liver of Albino Swiss mice after intoxication with various doses of patulin

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-39
Author(s):  
Pawel Borzecki ◽  
Agnieszka Borzecka ◽  
Patrycja Chylinska-Wrzos ◽  
Marta Lis-Sochocka ◽  
Ewelina Wawryk-Gawda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Laboratory Testing ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Hepatotoxic Effect ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Active Substances ◽  
Different Doses

Abstract Patulin is a mycotoxin produced by many species of the fungi. The toxic action of patulin mainly affects the gastrointestinal tract and the immune system. The aim of our work was to assess the toxic effect of patulin, based on the analysis of interleukin IL-6 concentrations in the liver of test animals loaded with different doses of this mycotoxin. The research was conducted on mice which were assigned to 6 groups receiving different doses of active substances. After decapitation, their livers were taken for laboratory testing. Our studies have shown that chronic intoxication with patulin at 0.1 LD50 leads to a statistically significant increase in IL-6 concentration in the liver of the animals. We also found that the loading of experimental animals with a single dose of patulin in the amount of 0.5 LD50 and 0.2 LD50 also leads to a statistically significant increase in this interleukin in the examined organ. There was no difference in its concentration compared to the control group only after the single dose of the lowest concentration of patulin, while the highest average IL-6 concentration was recorded in the liver of animals loaded with the highest single dose of patulin. After applying, one-time doses of this mycotoxin in the amount of 0.2 LD50 and 0.1 LD50, the mean concentrations of IL-6 in the liver in animals from these groups were statistically significantly lower. In conclusion, the analysis of the obtained results confirms the fact of the hepatotoxic effect of patulin.

Functional Foods in Hypertension

2017 ◽  
pp. 376-396
Author(s):  
Anil Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Alimentary Canal ◽  
Functional Foods ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Optimal Dose ◽  
The Public ◽  
Anti Oxidant

Functional foods contain bioactive compounds which are endowed with remarkable biologically significant properties. These compounds have corrective and preventive potential for diseases affecting cardiovascular system, endocrine system, nervous system, alimentary canal by virtue of their capability to influence bio-macromolecules in the cells. Clinical evidence augments the anti-oxidant, anti-atherogenic, anti-ageing, cardio-protective and immune system modulatory role of the functional foods. However, additional research is necessitated to uncover concerns regarding optimal dose, duration, pharmaco-therapeutics and adverse effects of active compounds in relation to the public health.

scholarly journals Thyroid and Adrenal Peptides in Thyroid Therapy

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Visual System ◽  
Cardiovascular System ◽  
Reproductive System ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Accelerated Aging ◽  
The Body ◽  
New Type

Today, doctors are faced with a new type of pathology - premature (or accelerated) aging. The symptoms are the same everywhere - exhaustion and slow destruction of vital systems of the body: the immune system, endocrine system, nervous system, cardiovascular system, reproductive system, visual system.

scholarly journals Vasoactive effects of sex hormones

1997 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. N. Karachentsev ◽  
P. V. Sergeev
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cardiovascular System ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Vascular Wall ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Active Substances

Extensive experimental and clinical material cited in the modern scientific literature indicates the effect of sex hormones on the cardiovascular system and the need to take into account changes in its activity during therapy with drugs containing these biologically active substances [3, 5, 7, 71]. Along with the numerous compounds mediated through the structures of the central nervous system and circulating in the circulatory system, the genomic vasoactive effects of all steroid compounds, including sex hormones, can be realized due to the direct effect on the vascular wall [55, 66, 71, 75].

scholarly journals A review on tramadol toxicity: mechanism of action, clinical presentation, and treatment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samaneh Nakhaee ◽  
Christopher Hoyte ◽  
Richard C. Dart ◽  
Masoumeh Askari ◽  
Roland J. Lamarine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Arrest ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Multiple Organ ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Management Alternative

Abstract Aims As an analgesic that acts upon the central nervous system (CNS), tramadol has gained popularity in treating moderate to severe pain. Recently, it has been increasingly reported as a drug of misuse with intentional overdoses or intoxications. This review focuses on tramadol intoxication in humans and its effects on different systems. Subject and method This narrative review provides a comprehensive view of the pharmacokinetics, mechanism of action, and incidence of tramadol toxicity with an in-depth look at its side effects. In addition, the main approaches to the management of tramadol poisoning are described. Results Tramadol poisoning can affect multiple organ systems: gastrointestinal, central nervous system (seizure, CNS depression, low-grade coma, anxiety, and over time anoxic brain damage), cardiovascular system (palpitation, mild hypertension to life-threatening complications such as cardiopulmonary arrest), respiratory system, renal system (renal failure with higher doses of tramadol intoxication), musculoskeletal system (rhabdomyolysis), endocrine system (hypoglycemia), as well as, cause serotonin syndrome. Seizure, a serious nervous disturbance, is more common in tramadol intoxication than with other opioids. Fatal tramadol intoxications are uncommon, except in ingestion cases concurrent with other medications, particularly CNS depressants, most commonly benzodiazepines, and ethanol. Conclusion With the increasing popularity of tramadol, physicians must be aware of its adverse effects, substantial abuse potential, and drug interactions, to weigh its risk–benefit ratio for pain management. Alternative therapies might be considered in patients with a previous overdose history to reduce risks for adverse outcomes.

Role of the gut microbiome in Alzheimer’s disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kian Chung Chok ◽  
Khuen Yen Ng ◽  
Rhun Yian Koh ◽  
Soi Moi Chye
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Metabolic System ◽  
Fecal Microbiome

Abstract Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, affecting millions of individuals each year and this number is expected to significantly increase. The complicated microorganisms residing in human gut are closely associated with our health. Emerging evidence has suggested possible involvement of human gut microbiome in AD. Symbiotic gut microbiomes are known to maintain brain health by modulating host’s barriers integrity, metabolic system, immune system, nervous system and endocrine system. However, in the event of gut dysbiosis and barriers disruption, gut pathobionts disrupt homeostasis of the metabolic system, immune system, nervous system, and endocrine system, resulting in deterioration of neurological functions and subsequently promoting development of AD. Multiple therapeutic approaches, such as fecal microbiome transplant, antibiotics, prebiotics, probiotics, symbiotic, and diet are discussed as potential treatment options for AD by manipulating the gut microbiome to reverse pathological alteration in the systems above.

NEURO-ENDOCRINE-IMMUNE BIOLOGICAL NETWORK CONSTRUCTION OF QI DEFICIENCY PATTERN AND QI STAGNATION PATTERN IN TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (02) ◽  
pp. 305-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
XING ZHAI ◽  
XUANCHAO FENG ◽  
JINGWEI LIU ◽  
KUO GAO ◽  
ZHENHUA JIA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Chinese Medicine ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Biological Indicators ◽  
Biological Indicator ◽  
Indicator Network ◽  
Literature Mining ◽  
Qi Stagnation ◽  
Mining Methods

Nowadays, it is quite challenging to clarify Chinese medicine's results and its internal biological foundation in the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) field. The key to break through this problem is to make the right methodological choices. From our study, a pattern consisting of many kinds of characterizations has been found, and every characterization corresponds with its internal biological indicators. If the relationship of every characterization and its biological indicators can be structured, and of each pattern and its biological indicators, it will help us to understand TCM better. Therefore, it is a better method to construct and analyze the "pattern-characterization-biological indicator" network. The aim of this paper is to distinguish two common Chinese medicine patterns, qi deficiency pattern and qi stagnation pattern, and their characterizations in terms of internal biology by using literature-mining methods. Furthermore, the results will be validated by clinical data to examine the methodological reliability. A neuro-endocrine-immune (NEI)-related gene data dictionary and a human phenotype ontology (HPO) characterizations terminology database have been established for these two patterns. Relevant literatures about the characterizations of these two patterns can be found on PubMed. Two different literature-mining software PubMiner and GenCliP, were used on the principle of "pattern-characterization-biological indicator" co-occurrence to find the characteristic NEI gene and the chemical messenger (CM) of Qi deficiency and qi stagnation patterns and to explore the difference in the bioactive substances between the two patterns, such as Hormones, Receptors, Cytokine, Neurotransmitters, etc. Biological networks of the two patterns and their various characterizations were separately constructed by using two literature-mining methods. After integrating and analyzing all kinds of networks, we found that qi deficiency pattern genes based on the NEI network include CD4, CHAT, EPO, GCG, INS, PTH, PRL, REN, SHBG and MAOA; and the key chemical transmitters include IgA, IgM, IgG, IL6, INFα, C3, C4, IL2, T, TSH, T3, T4, NO, EPO, E2, Serotonin, Histamine, ACTH, Hydrocortisone, Insulin, Cytokine, Calcitriol, Aldosterone, Adenosine, Somatostatin, Progesterone Acetylcholine, NE and Dopamine. Qi stagnation pattern genes based on the NEI network include EGF, EGFR, INS, PRL, SHBG, SNAP25, BDNF, COMT, DRD4, CD4 and IL6; and the key chemical transmitters include T3, E2, Prolactin, Serotonin, Steroids, T, ACTH, TSH, NE, ACTH and IL6. By comparing the literature data with clinical data, we found that abnormalities of the endocrine system, especially the thyroid, adrenal gland and gonadal gland, are closely related to the occurrence of coronary heart disease (CHD). The abnormalities in the endocrine system affect the immune system and nervous system, which eventually leads to CHD. The CHD of qi deficiency pattern emphasizes the imbalance of the immune system, while that of qi stagnation patients focuses on the imbalance of the nervous system. To some extent, it is feasible to use literature-mining methods to construct and analyze the "pattern-characterization-biological indicator" network as a new method of finding syndromes for the biological indicators. It provides an advanced, effective and concise method for the objectivity and internalization of traditional medicine. However, the universality and reliability of this method will need to be further validated by other syndrome studies.

Learned Placebo Effects in the Immune System

2014 ◽  
Vol 222 (3) ◽  
pp. 148-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabine Vits ◽  
Manfred Schedlowski
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Associative Learning ◽  
Placebo Response ◽  
Immunosuppressive Drug ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Placebo Effects ◽  
New Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Biological Variables ◽  
Experimental Approaches

Associative learning processes are one of the major neuropsychological mechanisms steering the placebo response in different physiological systems and end organ functions. Learned placebo effects on immune functions are based on the bidirectional communication between the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral immune system. Based on this “hardware,” experimental evidence in animals and humans showed that humoral and cellular immune functions can be affected by behavioral conditioning processes. We will first highlight and summarize data documenting the variety of experimental approaches conditioning protocols employed, affecting different immunological functions by associative learning. Taking a well-established paradigm employing a conditioned taste aversion model in rats with the immunosuppressive drug cyclosporine A (CsA) as an unconditioned stimulus (US) as an example, we will then summarize the efferent and afferent communication pathways as well as central processes activated during a learned immunosuppression. In addition, the potential clinical relevance of learned placebo effects on the outcome of immune-related diseases has been demonstrated in a number of different clinical conditions in rodents. More importantly, the learned immunosuppression is not restricted to experimental animals but can be also induced in humans. These data so far show that (i) behavioral conditioned immunosuppression is not limited to a single event but can be reproduced over time, (ii) immunosuppression cannot be induced by mere expectation, (iii) psychological and biological variables can be identified as predictors for this learned immunosuppression. Together with experimental approaches employing a placebo-controlled dose reduction these data provide a basis for new therapeutic approaches to the treatment of diseases where a suppression of immune functions is required via modulation of nervous system-immune system communication by learned placebo effects.

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