scholarly journals Atom efficiency and catalysis in organic synthesis

2000 ◽  
Vol 72 (7) ◽  
pp. 1233-1246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger A. Sheldon
Keyword(s):  
Asymmetric Catalysis ◽  
Organic Synthesis ◽  
Supercritical Fluids ◽  
Bond Formation ◽  
Chemical Processes ◽  
Waste Minimization ◽  
Fine Chemicals ◽  
Acids And Bases ◽  
Biphasic Systems ◽  
Alternative Processes

The key to waste minimization in fine chemicals manufacture is the widespread substitution of classical organic syntheses employing stoichiometric amounts of inorganic reagents with cleaner, catalytic alternatives. The E factors (by waste per kg product) of chemical processes increase dramatically on going downstream from bulk to fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals, mainly owing to the use of "stoichiometric" methods. The concept of atom efficiency is a useful tool for rapid evaluation of the amount of waste generated by alternative processes. The general theme of atom-efficient, catalytic processes is illustrated with industrially relevant examples. These include catalysis by solid acids and bases, catalytic reductions and oxidations, catalytic C_C bond formation, asymmetric catalysis, biocatalysis, and catalysis in novel media (aqueous and fluorous biphasic systems, supercritical fluids, and ionic liquids).

A Review of Amide Bond Formation in Microwave Organic Synthesis

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 592-604 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Lukasik ◽  
Ewa Wagner-Wysiecka
Keyword(s):  
Organic Synthesis ◽  
Bond Formation ◽  
Amide Bond ◽  
Amide Bond Formation

Microwave-accelerated Carbon-carbon and Carbon-heteroatom Bond Formation via Multi-component Reactions: A Brief Overview

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kantharaju Kamanna ◽  
Santosh Y. Khatavi
Keyword(s):  
Organic Synthesis ◽  
Bond Formation ◽  
Cycloaddition Reaction ◽  
Nanoparticle Synthesis ◽  
Single Step ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
One Pot ◽  
Bond Forming ◽  
Material Interest ◽  
Carbon Carbon Bond

Multi-Component Reactions (MCRs) have emerged as an excellent tool in organic chemistry for the synthesis of various bioactive molecules. Among these, one-pot MCRs are included, in which organic reactants react with domino in a single-step process. This has become an alternative platform for the organic chemists, because of their simple operation, less purification methods, no side product and faster reaction time. One of the important applications of the MCRs can be drawn in carbon- carbon (C-C) and carbon-heteroatom (C-X; X = N, O, S) bond formation, which is extensively used by the organic chemists to generate bioactive or useful material synthesis. Some of the key carbon- carbon bond forming reactions are Grignard, Wittig, Enolate alkylation, Aldol, Claisen condensation, Michael and more organic reactions. Alternatively, carbon-heteroatoms containing C-N, C-O, and C-S bond are also found more important and present in various heterocyclic compounds, which are of biological, pharmaceutical, and material interest. Thus, there is a clear scope for the discovery and development of cleaner reaction, faster reaction rate, atom economy and efficient one-pot synthesis for sustainable production of diverse and structurally complex organic molecules. Reactions that required hours to run completely in a conventional method can now be carried out within minutes. Thus, the application of microwave (MW) radiation in organic synthesis has become more promising considerable amount in resource-friendly and eco-friendly processes. The technique of microwaveassisted organic synthesis (MAOS) has successfully been employed in various material syntheses, such as transition metal-catalyzed cross-coupling, dipolar cycloaddition reaction, biomolecule synthesis, polymer formation, and the nanoparticle synthesis. The application of the microwave-technique in carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bond formations via MCRs with major reported literature examples are discussed in this review.

Modern Organic Synthesis in the Laboratory

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Jack Li ◽  
Chris Limberakis ◽  
Derek A. Pflum
Keyword(s):  
Organic Chemistry ◽  
Graduate Students ◽  
Organic Synthesis ◽  
Functional Group ◽  
Bond Formation ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Carbon Bond ◽  
Oxidation Reduction ◽  
Carbon Carbon Bond ◽  
Daunting Task

Searching for reaction in organic synthesis has been made much easier in the current age of computer databases. However, the dilemma now is which procedure one selects among the ocean of choices. Especially for novices in the laboratory, it becomes a daunting task to decide what reaction conditions to experiment with first in order to have the best chance of success. This collection intends to serve as an "older and wiser lab-mate" one could have by compiling many of the most commonly used experimental procedures in organic synthesis. With chapters that cover such topics as functional group manipulations, oxidation, reduction, and carbon-carbon bond formation, Modern Organic Synthesis in the Laboratory will be useful for both graduate students and professors in organic chemistry and medicinal chemists in the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries.

scholarly journals Photocatalytic three-component asymmetric sulfonylation via direct C(sp3)-H functionalization

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shi Cao ◽  
Wei Hong ◽  
Ziqi Ye ◽  
Lei Gong
Keyword(s):  
Asymmetric Catalysis ◽  
Organic Synthesis ◽  
Photochemical Reaction ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Atom Economy ◽  
Mild Conditions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Unsaturated Carbonyl Compound ◽  
Direct Functionalization

AbstractThe direct and selective C(sp3)-H functionalization of cycloalkanes and alkanes is a highly useful process in organic synthesis owing to the low-cost starting materials, the high step and atom economy. Its application to asymmetric catalysis, however, has been scarcely explored. Herein, we disclose our effort toward this goal by incorporation of dual asymmetric photocatalysis by a chiral nickel catalyst and a commercially available organophotocatalyst with a radical relay strategy through sulfur dioxide insertion. Such design leads to the development of three-component asymmetric sulfonylation involving direct functionalization of cycloalkanes, alkanes, toluene derivatives or ethers. The photochemical reaction of a C(sp3)-H precursor, a SO2 surrogate and a common α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound proceeds smoothly under mild conditions, delivering a wide range of biologically interesting α-C chiral sulfones with high regio- and enantioselectivity (>50 examples, up to >50:1 rr and 95% ee). This method is applicable to late-stage functionalization of bioactive molecules, and provides an appealing access to enantioenriched compounds starting from the abundant hydrocarbon compounds.

Recent Advances in C–Br Bond Formation

Synlett ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying-Yeung Yeung ◽  
Jonathan Wong
Keyword(s):  
Organic Synthesis ◽  
Aromatic Compounds ◽  
Bond Formation ◽  
Cross Coupling ◽  
Catalytic Site ◽  
Atom Transfer ◽  
Bond Forming ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Catalytic Asymmetric ◽  
Site Selective

AbstractOrganobromine compounds are extremely useful in organic synthesis. In this perspective, a focused discussion on some recent advancements in C–Br bond-forming reactions is presented.1 Introduction2 Selected Recent Advances2.1 Catalytic Asymmetric Bromopolycyclization of Olefinic Substrates2.2 Catalytic Asymmetric Intermolecular Bromination2.3 Some New Catalysts and Reagents for Bromination2.4 Catalytic Site-Selective Bromination of Aromatic Compounds2.5 sp3 C–H Bromination via Atom Transfer/Cross-Coupling3 Outlook

scholarly journals Biocatalysis with Laccases: An Updated Overview

Catalysts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
Ivan Bassanini ◽  
Erica Elisa Ferrandi ◽  
Sergio Riva ◽  
Daniela Monti
Keyword(s):  
Organic Synthesis ◽  
Alcohol Oxidation ◽  
Industrial Processes ◽  
Organic Substrates ◽  
Fine Chemicals ◽  
Multicopper Oxidases ◽  
Carbohydrate Chemistry ◽  
Nucleophilic Substitutions ◽  
Mediator System ◽  
Integrated Processes

Laccases are multicopper oxidases, which have been widely investigated in recent decades thanks to their ability to oxidize organic substrates to the corresponding radicals while producing water at the expense of molecular oxygen. Besides their successful (bio)technological applications, for example, in textile, petrochemical, and detoxifications/bioremediations industrial processes, their synthetic potentialities for the mild and green preparation or selective modification of fine chemicals are of outstanding value in biocatalyzed organic synthesis. Accordingly, this review is focused on reporting and rationalizing some of the most recent and interesting synthetic exploitations of laccases. Applications of the so-called laccase-mediator system (LMS) for alcohol oxidation are discussed with a focus on carbohydrate chemistry and natural products modification as well as on bio- and chemo-integrated processes. The laccase-catalyzed Csp2-H bonds activation via monoelectronic oxidation is also discussed by reporting examples of enzymatic C-C and C-O radical homo- and hetero-couplings, as well as of aromatic nucleophilic substitutions of hydroquinones or quinoids. Finally, the laccase-initiated domino/cascade synthesis of valuable aromatic (hetero)cycles, elegant strategies widely documented in the literature across more than three decades, is also presented.

Iminoiodanes and C—N Bond Formation in Organic Synthesis

ChemInform ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 34 (48) ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Dauban ◽  
Robert H. Dodd
Keyword(s):  
Organic Synthesis ◽  
Bond Formation
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