Role of melanin concentrating hormone (MCH) containing neurons in the lateral hypothalamus in cardiorespiratory control and energy balance

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ningjing. Li
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Lateral Hypothalamus ◽  
Cardiorespiratory Control ◽  
Melanin Concentrating Hormone

scholarly journals Local network regulation of orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus

2011 ◽  
Vol 301 (3) ◽  
pp. R572-R580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Burt ◽  
Christian O. Alberto ◽  
Matthew P. Parsons ◽  
Michiru Hirasawa
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Lateral Hypothalamus ◽  
Feedback Regulation ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Local Network ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Negative Feedback Regulation ◽  
Common Causes ◽  
Melanin Concentrating Hormone

Obesity and inadequate sleep are among the most common causes of health problems in modern society. Thus, the discovery that orexin (hypocretin) neurons play a pivotal role in sleep/wake regulation, energy balance, and consummatory behaviors has sparked immense interest in understanding the regulatory mechanisms of these neurons. The local network consisting of neurons and astrocytes within the lateral hypothalamus and perifornical area (LH/PFA), where orexin neurons reside, shapes the output of orexin neurons and the LH/PFA. Orexin neurons not only send projections to remote brain areas but also contribute to the local network where they release multiple neurotransmitters to modulate its activity. These neurotransmitters have opposing actions, whose balance is determined by the amount released and postsynaptic receptor desensitization. Modulation and negative feedback regulation of excitatory glutamatergic inputs as well as release of astrocyte-derived factors, such as lactate and ATP, can also affect the excitability of orexin neurons. Furthermore, distinct populations of LH/PFA neurons express neurotransmitters with known electrophysiological actions on orexin neurons, such as melanin-concentrating hormone, corticotropin-releasing factor, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, neurotensin, and GABA. These LH/PFA-specific mechanisms may be important for fine tuning the firing activity of orexin neurons to maintain optimal levels of prolonged output to sustain wakefulness and stimulate consummatory behaviors. Building on these exciting findings should shed further light onto the cellular mechanisms of energy balance and sleep-wake regulation.

scholarly journals Paternally expressed imprinted Snord116 and Peg3 regulate hypothalamic orexin neurons

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pace Marta ◽  
Falappa Matteo ◽  
Freschi Andrea ◽  
Balzani Edoardo ◽  
Berteotti Chiara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Lateral Hypothalamus ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽  
Imprinted Genes ◽  
List Type ◽  
State Dependent ◽  
Sleep Homeostasis ◽  
Melanin Concentrating Hormone

AbstractImprinted genes are highly expressed in the hypothalamus; however, whether specific imprinted genes affect hypothalamic neuromodulators and their functions is unknown. It has been suggested that Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS), a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by lack of paternal expression at chromosome 15q11-q13, is characterised by hypothalamic insufficiency. Here, we investigate the role of the paternally expressed Snord116 gene within the context of sleep and metabolic abnormalities of PWS, and we report a novel role of this imprinted gene in the function and organisation of the two main neuromodulatory systems of the lateral hypothalamus (LH), namely, the orexin (OX) and melanin concentrating hormone (MCH) systems. We observe that the dynamics between neuronal discharge in the LH and the sleep-wake states of mice with paternal deletion of Snord116 (PWScrm+/p−) are compromised. This abnormal state-dependent neuronal activity is paralleled by a significant reduction in OX neurons in the LH of mutants. Therefore, we propose that an imbalance between OX- and MCH-expressing neurons in the LH of mutants reflects a series of deficits manifested in the PWS, such as dysregulation of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, food intake and temperature control.HighlightsSnord116 regulates neuronal activity in the lateral hypothalamus (LH), which is time-locked with cortical states of sleep.Loss of Snord116 reduces orexin neurons in the LH and affects sleep homeostasis and thermoregulation in mice.Snord116 and Peg3 independently control orexin expression in the LH.Paternally expressed alleles maximize the patrilineal effects in the control of REM sleep by the LH in mammals.

scholarly journals Glutamatergic Input to the Lateral Hypothalamus Stimulates Ethanol Intake: Role of Orexin and Melanin-Concentrating Hormone

2012 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-Wei Chen ◽  
Jessica R. Barson ◽  
Aimee Chen ◽  
Bartley G. Hoebel ◽  
Sarah F. Leibowitz
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Hypothalamus ◽  
Ethanol Intake ◽  
Melanin Concentrating Hormone

scholarly journals Expression of Melanin-Concentrating Hormone Receptor 2 Protects Against Diet-Induced Obesity in Male Mice

Endocrinology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 155 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa J. S. Chee ◽  
Pavlos Pissios ◽  
Deepthi Prasad ◽  
Eleftheria Maratos-Flier
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Early Gene ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Diet Induced Obesity ◽  
Melanin Concentrating Hormone ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Insight Into

Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is an orexigenic neuropeptide that is a ligand for two subtypes of MCH receptors, MCHR1 and MCHR2. MCHR1 is universally expressed in mammals ranging from rodents to humans, but the expression of MCHR2 is substantially restricted. In mammals, MCHR2 has been defined in primates as well as other species such as cats and dogs but is not seen in rodents. Although the role of MCHR1 in mediating the actions of MCH on energy balance is clearly defined using mouse models, the role of MCHR2 is harder to characterize because of its limited expression. To determine any potential role of MCHR2 in energy balance, we generated a transgenic MCHR1R2 mouse model, where human MCHR2 is coexpressed in MCHR1-expressing neurons. As shown previously, control wild-type mice expressing only native MCHR1 developed diet-induced obesity when fed a high-fat diet. In contrast, MCHR1R2 mice had lower food intake, leading to their resistance to diet-induced obesity. Furthermore, we showed that MCH action is altered in MCHR1R2 mice. MCH treatment in wild-type mice inhibited the activation of the immediate-early gene c-fos, and coexpression of MCHR2 reduced the inhibitory actions of MCHR1 on this pathway. In conclusion, we developed an experimental animal model that can provide insight into the action of MCHR2 in the central nervous system and suggest that some actions of MCHR2 oppose the endogenous actions of MCHR1.

scholarly journals The roles of melanin-concentrating hormone in energy balance and reproductive function: are they connected?

Reproduction ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 146 (5) ◽  
pp. R141-R150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Naufahu ◽  
Adam D Cunliffe ◽  
Joanne F Murray
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Discrete Systems ◽  
Diet Induced Obesity ◽  
Published Evidence ◽  
Reproductive Axis ◽  
Literature Evidence ◽  
Complex Control System ◽  
Melanin Concentrating Hormone

Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is an anabolic neuropeptide with multiple and diverse physiological functions including a key role in energy homoeostasis. Rodent studies have shown that the ablation of functional MCH results in a lean phenotype, increased energy expenditure and resistance to diet-induced obesity. These findings have generated interest among pharmaceutical companies vigilant for potential anti-obesity agents. Nutritional status affects reproductive physiology and behaviours, thereby optimising reproductive success and the ability to meet energetic demands. This complex control system entails the integration of direct or indirect peripheral stimuli with central effector systems and involves numerous mediators. A role for MCH in the reproductive axis has emerged, giving rise to the premise that MCH may serve as an integratory mediator between those discrete systems that regulate energy balance and reproductive function. Hence, this review focuses on published evidence concerning i) the role of MCH in energy homoeostasis and ii) the regulatory role of MCH in the reproductive axis. The question as to whether the MCH system mediates the integration of energy homoeostasis with the neuroendocrine reproductive axis and, if so, by what means has received limited coverage in the literature; evidence to date and current theories are summarised herein.

Influence of Magnetic Fields on Solar Hydrodynamics: Experimental Results

1977 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 143-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.O. Stenflo
Keyword(s):  
Solar Activity ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Solar Atmosphere ◽  
General Problem ◽  
Solar Rotation ◽  
Active Regions ◽  
Physical Conditions ◽  
Dynamic Phenomena

It is well-known that solar activity is basically caused by the Interaction of magnetic fields with convection and solar rotation, resulting in a great variety of dynamic phenomena, like flares, surges, sunspots, prominences, etc. Many conferences have been devoted to solar activity, including the role of magnetic fields. Similar attention has not been paid to the role of magnetic fields for the overall dynamics and energy balance of the solar atmosphere, related to the general problem of chromospheric and coronal heating. To penetrate this problem we have to focus our attention more on the physical conditions in the ‘quiet’ regions than on the conspicuous phenomena in active regions.

Ghrelin and Obesity-An Update

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gandhi M. ◽  
Swaminathan S.
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Vascular Resistance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ghrelin Receptor ◽  
Type2 Diabetes ◽  
Type2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Natural Hormones

Ghrelin as human natural hormones is involved in fundamental regulatory process of eating and energy balance. It is a stomach derived hormone that acts as at the ghrelin receptor in multiple tissues throughout to the body. Its properties includes increasing appetite, decreasing systemic inflammation, decreasing vascular resistance ,increasing cardiac output, increasing glucose and IGF-1 levels, Hence it may play a significant role in Diabetes mellitus. Many studies have linked ghrelin to obesity and this paper is an attempt to bring out recent findings on the role of ghrelin in Diabetes Mellitus, particularly type2 Diabetes mellitus.

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