Chronic Metoclopramide Therapy for Diabetic Gastroparesis

2003 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 122-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul F Lata ◽  
Denise L Walbrandt Pigarelli
Keyword(s):  
Medical Literature ◽  
Diabetic Gastroparesis ◽  
Sufficient Evidence ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Data Synthesis ◽  
Search Terms ◽  
Routine Monitoring ◽  
Chronic Use

OBJECTIVE To review the safety and efficacy of chronic metoclopramide for diabetic gastroparesis. DATA SOURCES Medical literature was accessed through MEDLINE (1965 to October 2002) and PubMed (1965 to October 2002). Key search terms included metoclopramide; diabetic gastroparesis; and dyskinesia, drug induced. DATA SYNTHESIS Metoclopramide is often used for diabetic gastroparesis, despite the risk of tardive dyskinesia. Published information is limited regarding long-term efficacy and toxicity of metoclopramide. The literature was assessed concerning these topics. CONCLUSIONS Limited data do not provide sufficient evidence to conclude whether metoclopramide is efficacious for chronic use. Routine monitoring may mitigate the risk associated with metoclopramide therapy.

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Lamotrigine

2002 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 917-920 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elaine Chong ◽  
L Lee Dupuis
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Dose Adjustment ◽  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Therapeutic Drug ◽  
Data Synthesis ◽  
Search Terms ◽  
Pharmacologic Response ◽  
Routine Monitoring ◽  
Data Source ◽  
Lamotrigine Concentration

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the usefulness of routine monitoring of serum lamotrigine concentration. DATA SOURCE: Literature was accessed through MEDLINE (1990–January 2001). Key search terms included lamotrigine, pharmacokinetics, and epilepsy. DATA SYNTHESIS: A decision-making algorithm was used to evaluate the clinical evidence to support or refute the routine use of serum lamotrigine concentrations to adjust doses. The value of serum lamotrigine concentration monitoring remains controversial, primarily because clear relationships between concentration and pharmacologic response (either efficacy or toxicity) have not been demonstrated. CONCLUSIONS: Serum concentration monitoring of lamotrigine is not recommended as a tool for routine dose adjustment.

Drug-Induced Yawning—A Review

2011 ◽  
Vol 45 (10) ◽  
pp. 1297-1301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edna Patatanian ◽  
Nancy Toedter Williams
Keyword(s):  
Case Reports ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Data Synthesis ◽  
Search Terms ◽  
Dopaminergic Agents ◽  
Study Selection ◽  
Physiologic Function ◽  
Induction Agents

Objective: To review the current literature on drug-induced yawning. Data Sources: Literature was accessed through MEDLINE/PubMed (1996-July 2011), International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1997-July 2011), and EMBASE, using the search terms yawning, drug-induced yawning, and adverse drug reactions. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Relevant clinical trials and case reports were selected and included to present background information. Bibliographies of all relevant articles were reviewed for additional citations. Data Synthesis: Yawning is a common stereotype behavior with unknown physiologic function that occurs in most vertebrates and humans as early as 15 weeks of intrauterine life. Yawning Is under the control of several neurotransmitters and neuropeptides, Including dopamine, serotonin, oxytocin, and acetylcholine. Among drugs, antidepressants, opioids, dopaminergic agents, benzodiazepines, and induction agents are the main pharmacologic classes associated with yawning. Conclusions: Yawning is rarely a serious adverse reaction and is not frequently listed in the drug summary. Most available data are based on case reports, small studies, and older literature. Clinicians should be aware of the agents commonly triggering this behavior.

scholarly journals Digestive involvement in Long- COVID syndrome

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alina M. Bogariu ◽  
Dan L. Dumitrascu
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Observational Studies ◽  
Digestive System ◽  
Medical Literature ◽  
Liver Enzymes ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Search Terms

Background and aim. The SARS-CoV-2 infection which caused a worldwide epidemic was considered first a lung disease. Later on, it was found that the disease caused by this virus, SARS-CoV-2, can affect most organs, including the digestive system. The long-term effects of this infection are now progressively detected and called Long-COVID. This review aims is to present the updated knowledge of the digestive sequelae after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods. A search was performed in the main medical literature databases. The following search terms were used: long-covid, gastrointestinal or gastric sequelae SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. Data on gastrointestinal symptoms after 12 weeks were collected and presented. Observational studies were included. Studies that focus only on acute COVID-19 infection (<4 weeks) were excluded. Results. The main symptoms that can occur in the long term are: diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, along with increased liver enzymes. Patients with chronic diseases have a higher risk of developing long-term sequelae, but it is not documented that digestive sequelae are influenced by the presence of chronic diseases. Conclusions. The SARS-CoV-2 virus can affect any part of the digestive system not only in the acute infection phase but also for longer time, leaving long-term sequelae.

Long-Term Prophylaxis of Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis in Patients with Cirrhosis

2005 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 908-912 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence A Frazee ◽  
Antonio E Marinos ◽  
Amy M Rybarczyk ◽  
Scott A Fulton
Keyword(s):  
Ascitic Fluid ◽  
Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis ◽  
English Language ◽  
Antimicrobial Prophylaxis ◽  
Secondary Prophylaxis ◽  
Data Synthesis ◽  
Bacterial Peritonitis ◽  
Search Terms ◽  
Bibliographic Search

OBJECTIVE: To review the literature regarding long-term prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) in patients with cirrhosis. DATA SOURCES: A MEDLINE (1967–September 2004) and bibliographic search of the English-language literature was conducted using the search terms spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, cirrhosis, antimicrobial, and prophylaxis. DATA SYNTHESIS: Long-term antimicrobial prophylaxis has been shown to decrease recurrent SBP in cirrhotics with a prior episode. Prophylaxis in patients with low ascitic fluid protein has also been shown to reduce the incidence of SBP; however, studies are too in-homogeneous to identify subgroups that benefit the most. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term antimicrobial therapy should be considered for secondary prophylaxis of SBP. Studies should be done to confirm this benefit and identify subsets of patients with low ascitic fluid protein who clearly benefit.

Sialorrhea — Therapeutic Drug Options

2002 ◽  
Vol 36 (11) ◽  
pp. 1785-1790 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorothy Z Tscheng
Keyword(s):  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Symptom Relief ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
The Other ◽  
Therapeutic Drug ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Data Synthesis ◽  
Search Terms ◽  
Drug Treatments

OBJECTIVE: To review the efficacy and safety of various drug treatments for sialorrhea. Pharmacotherapy for drug-induced sialorrhea is not addressed. DATA SOURCES: Clinical studies were identified using PubMed (1966–October 2001). Key search terms included sialorrhea and drug therapy. DATA SYNTHESIS: Sialorrhea is a social and physical detriment to patients. Drug treatment, although not necessarily the treatment of choice for all patients, can offer some symptom relief. CONCLUSIONS: Literature has documented that benztropine, glycopyrrolate, and scopolamine can reduce the incidence of sialorrhea. Although the literature evaluating the therapeutic options has limitations (e.g., small sample size, inconsistent outcome measurements), glycopyrrolate may have an advantage over the other agents due to fewer adverse effects.

Geniculate neuralgia: a systematic review

2014 ◽  
Vol 128 (5) ◽  
pp. 394-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
I P Tang ◽  
S R Freeman ◽  
G Kontorinis ◽  
M Y Tang ◽  
S A Rutherford ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Treatment ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
First Line Therapy ◽  
Root Entry Zone ◽  
Search Terms ◽  
Surgical Options ◽  
Nervus Intermedius Neuralgia ◽  
Nervus Intermedius

AbstractObjective:To systematically summarise the peer-reviewed literature relating to the aetiology, clinical presentation, investigation and treatment of geniculate neuralgia.Data sources:Articles published in English between 1932 and 2012, identified using Medline, Embase and Cochrane databases.Methods:The search terms ‘geniculate neuralgia’, ‘nervus intermedius neuralgia’, ‘facial pain’, ‘otalgia’ and ‘neuralgia’ were used to identify relevant papers.Results:Fewer than 150 reported cases were published in English between 1932 and 2012. The aetiology of the condition remains unknown, and clinical presentation varies. Non-neuralgic causes of otalgia should always be excluded by a thorough clinical examination, audiological assessment and radiological investigations before making a diagnosis of geniculate neuralgia. Conservative medical treatment is always the first-line therapy. Surgical treatment should be offered if medical treatment fails. The two commonest surgical options are transection of the nervus intermedius, and microvascular decompression of the nerve at the nerve root entry zone of the brainstem. However, extracranial intratemporal division of the cutaneous branches of the facial nerve may offer a safer and similarly effective treatment.Conclusion:The response to medical treatment for this condition varies between individuals. The long-term outcomes of surgery remain unknown because of limited data.

Risedronate for the Prevention and Treatment of Corticosteroid-Induced Osteoporosis

2002 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 512-516 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A Dougherty
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Prevention ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Data Synthesis ◽  
Search Terms ◽  
Oral Bisphosphonate ◽  
Clinical Literature ◽  
Corticosteroid Osteoporosis ◽  
Prevention And Treatment

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the role of risedronate in corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis. DATA SOURCES: Clinical literature was accessed through MEDLINE (1966–February 2001). Key search terms included risedronate, corticosteroid, osteoporosis, and bisphosphonate. DATA SYNTHESIS: Corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis (CIO) is clinically challenging and can lead to fractures. Risedronate, an oral bisphosphonate, has been studied for use in CIO. Trials focusing on the use of risedronate in these patients were reviewed. CONCLUSIONS: Risedronate 5 mg/d increased bone mineral density at lumbar, femoral neck, and trochanter skeletal sites in patients recently initiated on or receiving long-term corticosteroid therapy. Further investigation is needed to determine risedronate's effects on fracture prevention. The drug was well tolerated.

Zanamivir in the Treatment and Prevention of Influenza

2000 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 798-801 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin J Chapple ◽  
Anne E Hendrick ◽  
Michelle W McCarthy
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Medical Literature ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Data Synthesis ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
New Class ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Search Terms ◽  
Prevention And Treatment

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of zanamivir in the prevention and treatment of influenza. DATA SOURCES: Medical literature was accessed through MEDLINE (1966–June 1999). Key search terms included zanamivir, GG167, and influenza. Additional information was obtained from GlaxoWellcome, Inc. DATA SYNTHESIS: Zanamivir is the first in a new class of drugs to be developed for the treatment of influenza. An evaluation of clinical trials using inhaled zanamivir was conducted to determine its efficacy. CONCLUSIONS: Zanamivir appears to shorten the median duration of influenza symptoms by up to 2.5 days when compared with placebo. It was well tolerated in clinical trials, with mild adverse effects occurring in a small percentage of subjects.

scholarly journals Nephrotoxicity with Combination Vancomycin-Aminoglycoside Therapy

2005 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 174-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin M. Timpe
Keyword(s):  
Prospective Studies ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Medical Literature ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Vancomycin Therapy ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Search Terms ◽  
Aminoglycoside Therapy ◽  
Number Of Patients

OBJECTIVES The purpose of this paper is to review the medical literature regarding vancomycinaminoglycoside induced nephrotoxicity in the pediatric population. METHODS MEDLINE (1966 through June 2005), EMBASE (1980 through 1st quarter 2005), and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts databases were reviewed using appropriate search terms for articles related to nephrotoxicity with vancomycin and aminoglycoside use. Case reports, letters to editors, retrospective and prospective studies evaluating nephrotoxicity with the agents in pediatric patients were compiled and summarized. Studies in animals and adults were also briefly reviewed. RESULTS One case report, two letters to editors, one retrospective study, and two prospective studies evaluated the nephrotoxicity of combination aminoglycoside and vancomycin therapy in pediatric patients. The collective number of patients in the reports was 165. Patients ranged in age from 3 days to 19 years old. Four out of the six reports, including all of the prospective studies, concluded that combination therapy does not potentiate nephrotoxicity. CONCLUSIONS Although vancomycin and the aminoglycosides have been associated with drug induced nephrotoxicity, reports in the literature do not appear to support the idea that the combination of vancomycin and an aminoglycoside is more nephrotoxic than either medication alone.

scholarly journals Can Pentoxifylline be used as Adjunct Therapy to ACE Inhibitors and ARBs in Preserving Kidney Function?

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cody Carson ◽  
Akram Al-Makki ◽  
Brian Shepler
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Kidney Function ◽  
English Language ◽  
Ace Inhibitor ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Sufficient Evidence ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Search Terms ◽  
Conflicting Evidence

Purpose. To determine if there is sufficient evidence to recommend the addition of pentoxifylline to standard ACE inhibitor and ARB therapy in chronic kidney disease patients to reduce proteinuria and preserve kidney function.  Methods: A search of the literature was conducted using the PubMed.gov and ClinicalTrials.gov search engines and the search terms “pentoxifylline renoprotection”, “pentoxifylline CKD”, and “pentoxifylline nephropathy”. Results were limited to studies in human subjects and published in the English language. No date range was specified. Studies focused on the effects of pentoxifylline on drug induced nephropathy were excluded.  Results: Nine relevant articles were retrieved and evaluated. The two main populations studied were patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and patients with CKD and comorbid type 2 diabetes. Six of the nine studies reported a significant reduction in proteinuria in pentoxifylline treated patients. Four studies reported a significant change in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR).  Conclusion: Addition of pentoxifylline to ACE inhibitor and ARB therapy may improve proteinuria in CKD patients. There is conflicting evidence as to whether pentoxifylline will improve kidney function as measured by eGFR.Key words: pentoxifylline renoprotection, pentoxifylline CKD , pentoxifylline nephropathy.This article is open to POST-PUBLICATION REVIEW. Registered readers (see “For Readers”) may comment by clicking on ABSTRACT on the issue’s contents page.

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