scholarly journals Implications for Gender Relations of Summons-Response and Address Forms in Dagbanli

2014 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nantogma Alhassan Salifu
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Native Speaker ◽  
Gender Ideology ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Address Forms ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Different Response ◽  
And Function ◽  
Address Terms

This paper examines the structure and function of the summons and response in Dagbanli as well as address forms in the husband-wife relation. The Dagbanli language imposes different response forms on males and females and asymmetrical address terms between husband and wife. Drawing from my knowledge of the language as a native speaker and from observed practices of other speakers as well as from insights of key informants, I apply theories of sociolinguistics and pragmatics to analyze these simple conversational acts and I argue that they do not only reflect the sex differences of speakers but embed a larger gender ideology of unequal social relations between males and females in the Dagomba society.

Abstract TMP102: Sex Differences in the Structure and Function of the Middle Cerebral Artery

Stroke ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaoxun Wang ◽  
Huawei Zhang ◽  
Ya Guo ◽  
Yedan Liu ◽  
Ezekiel Gonzalez-Fernandez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Middle Cerebral Artery ◽  
Cerebral Artery ◽  
Perfusion Pressure ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Sd Rats ◽  
Structural Differences ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
And Function

There are sex differences in the incidence, prevalence, and outcomes of cerebrovascular disease (CVD), including stroke and dementia. Understanding the influence of differences in cerebrovascular structure and function between males and females will provide essential insight into the rationale to identify new pharmaceutical targets to improve treatment of CVD. In the present study, we compared sex differences of the structure and function of the middle cerebral artery (MCA, M2) in young healthy SD rats. We found that female rats had a thinner vascular wall and a smaller inner diameter of MCA compared to males. However, there was no significant difference in the wall-to-lumen ratio between sexes. Female MCAs exhibited less vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC), more elastin and less collagen I content per wall cross-sectional area than males detected by confocal microscopy using immunostaining as well as protein expression by Western blot. Female SD rats had elevated vascular tone, lower MCA distensibility, and higher wall stress. In addition, the stress/strain curves shifted to the left compared to males. Primary cerebral VSMCs isolated from females displayed lower contractile capabilities than males using a collagen-based cell contraction assay. The diameter of the MCA in males decreased by 14.7 ± 2.0% when perfusion pressure was increased from 40 to 180 mmHg. In contrast, the MCA in females failed to constrict under the same pressure changes. Female MCAs had a greater response to Ach than males. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) measured by laser Doppler flowmetry rose by 27.7 ± 4.8% and 57.4 ± 4.4% in males and females, respectively, when perfusion pressure increased from 100-180 mmHg. Functional hyperemia responses using whisker-barrel stimulation and learning and memory examined with eight-arm water maze were not different between males and females. These results demonstrate that there are intrinsic structural differences in the MCA between sexes, which lead to decreased cerebral vascular reactivity and CBF autoregulation to elevations in pressures in females. The structural differences do not alter neurovascular coupling and cognition at a young age; however, they might play a role in the development of CVD after menopause.

scholarly journals P110 Sex differences in hand osteoarthritis symptoms and function

Rheumatology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 60 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Brona Dinneen ◽  
David Heath ◽  
Mohammed Tauseef Ghaffar ◽  
Miriam O'Sullivan ◽  
Carmel Silke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Pain Intensity ◽  
Motor Skills ◽  
Functional Assessment ◽  
Functional Ability ◽  
Fine Motor ◽  
Hand Osteoarthritis ◽  
Fine Motor Skills ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
And Function

Abstract Background/Aims  There is currently no consensus regarding sex-related differences in pain intensity and functional abilities among patients with hand osteoarthritis (OA). In this study we determine sex-related differences in pain intensity and functional ability among patients with hand OA, as assessed by a self-report questionnaire and by performance-based tests. Methods  Using the AUSCAN tool for symptom and functional assessment of hand OA with dynamometry we prospectively accessed patients meeting the ACR criteria for hand osteoarthritis. Using this analysis, assessments of pain and function were compared in male and female patients. The outcome measures included self-reported pain measures, functional assessment and dynamometry measures. Results  The study population included 106 patients (90 females and 16 males) with a mean age of males 48.44 (7.48) and females 52.67 (9.43). All patients with symptomatic hand osteoarthritis meeting ACR Criteria. When accessing difference between sexes, men were found to be significantly heavier (p = 0.003) and have greater grip and pinch strength.As part of function and pain assessments there was a significant correlation between difficulty with fine motor skills such as difficulty doing buttons, difficulty when doing jewellery, or peeling vegetables associated with pain when turning objects e.g. doorknobs, taps and faucets for men in comparison to women. Difficulty in these fine motor skills also correlated with stiffness on wakening and pain on lifting heavy objects regardless of sex. A Mann-Whitney U test was run on 106 participants to determine if there were differences in pain or functional scores between males and females. This reviled Median score for males () and females () was statistically significantly different,There were sex differences noted in the correlation associated with pain with rotational movements e.g. turning objects and functional difficulty with fine motor movements including difficulty when doing up buttons ( Males r(14) = -0.109, p = 0.698, Females r(88) =0.489, p = <0.01 value.= ), difficulty when doing jewellery ( Males r(14) =-0.265, p = 0.339.= Females r(88) = 0.570, p = <0.01) , difficulty peeling vegetables ( Males r(14) = -0.207, p = 0.458 Females r(88) = 0.519, <0.01 ) Conclusion  The results demonstrate the presence of sex differences in patients suffering from hand osteoarthritis self-reported functional ability and pain scales. These differences indicate the need for further studies to explore the mechanisms of hand OA and to understanding the specific impact of gender on the development and progression of disease. With further understanding we can obtain the proper strategy to provide better individualised treatment. It also highlights that rehabilitation programs should consider these differences and each patients’ performance limitations in order to address the specific needs of each individual patient. In doing so, improved pain and functional status will improve morbidity in hand OA Disclosure  B. Dinneen: None. D. Heath: None. M. Ghaffar: None. M. O'Sullivan: None. C. Silke: None. B. Whelan: None.

Sex Differences in Adrenocortical Structure and Function

1990 ◽  
Vol 22 (07) ◽  
pp. 378-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Leśniewska ◽  
M. Nowak ◽  
L. Malendowicz
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
And Function

OR-05 SEX DIFFERENCES IN VASCULAR STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN INDIVIDUALS WITH MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS AND HEALTHY CONTROLS

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (C) ◽  
pp. 102
Author(s):  
Thessa Hilgenkamp ◽  
Garett Griffith ◽  
Robert W. Motl ◽  
Tracy Baynard ◽  
Bo Fernhall
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Vascular Structure ◽  
And Function

scholarly journals Blue-Throated Hummingbird Song: A Pinnacle of Nonoscine Vocalizations

The Auk ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 117 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Millicent Sigler Ficken ◽  
Kathryn M. Rusch ◽  
Sandra J. Taylor ◽  
Donald R. Powers
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Mate Attraction ◽  
Temporal Aspects ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
And Function ◽  
Vocal Complexity

Abstract Little is known about the structure and function of hummingbird vocalizations. We studied the vocalizations of Blue-throated Hummingbirds (Lampornis clemenciae) at two sites in southeastern Arizona. Songs were produced by males and females. Male songs consisted of arrays of notes organized in clusters of “song units.” Within sites, all males shared the same song units. Individual differences occurred in some temporal aspects of song, and slight but consistent differences in note structure occurred between the two sites. The organization of units within songs was marked by rigid syntax, and long songs were produced by agglutination of units. Male songs may function in territorial advertisement and mate attraction. Female songs were very different acoustically from those of males and typically were given when females were within a few centimeters of a male. In these situations, the female's song often overlapped temporally with the male's song. Of the hummingbird species studied so far, the Blue-throated Hummingbird has the most complex songs and is the only known species with complex female songs. Blue-throated Hummingbirds show convergence with oscines in vocal complexity, song organization, song function, and possible learning of some song elements.

scholarly journals Sex Differences in Brain Structures and Functional Connectivity among Patients with Bipolar I Disorder

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming-Yang Li ◽  
Shih-Jen Tsai ◽  
Albert C. Yang
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Angular Gyrus ◽  
Cingulate Gyrus ◽  
Bipolar I Disorder ◽  
Left Thalamus ◽  
And Function

Objectives: Studies have demonstrated that sex differences may play a crucial role in the alternations of brain structures in individuals with bipolar disorder, but findings are not consistent. The current study identified sex differences in brain structure and function among a large sample of individuals with bipolar I disorder (BD-I). Methods: Structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging datasets were acquired from 105 individuals with BD-I (36 men and 69 women) and 210 healthy adults (72 men and 138 women). A general linear regression model was used for voxel-wise analysis of grey matter (GM) and functional connectivity. Age, sex, diagnosis, and sex-by-diagnosis interaction were defined as predictors. Results: In GM, the left caudate (p < .001), left thalamus (p < .001), right caudate (p = .003), right thalamus (p < .001), left anterior cingulate gyrus (p = .015), and left middle/posterior cingulate gyrus (p = .022) exhibited sex-by-diagnosis interaction. Furthermore, by using these six brain regions as seeds, we observed sex-by-diagnosis interaction in the alteration of functional connectivity between the left thalamus and right angular gyrus (p = .019). Conclusions: Our data revealed a sex-by-diagnosis interaction associated with structure and function of the limbic system in individuals with BD-I. These findings may serve as reference for future studies on the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder.

scholarly journals Puberty Timing and Markers of Cardiovascular Structure and Function at 25 Years: A Prospective Cohort Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gillian M. Maher ◽  
Lisa Ryan ◽  
Fergus P. McCarthy ◽  
Alun Hughes ◽  
Chloe Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Height Velocity ◽  
Cardiovascular Structure ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
One Year ◽  
And Function

AbstractImportanceWhether earlier onset of puberty is associated with higher cardiovascular risk in early adulthood is not well understood.ObjectiveTo examine the association between puberty timing and markers of cardiovascular structure and function at age 25 years.DesignProspective birth cohort study.SettingThe Southwest region of England.ParticipantsParticipants in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), born between April 1, 1991, and December 31, 1992.ExposureAge at peak height velocity (aPHV), an objective and validated growth-based measure of puberty onset.Main Outcomes and MeasuresCardiovascular structure and function at age 25 years: carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT), left ventricular mass index (LVMI) and relative wall thickness (RWT), pulse wave velocity (PWV) and systolic blood pressure (SBP). Multiple imputation was used to impute missing data on covariates and outcomes. Linear regression was used to examine the association between aPHV and each measure of cardiac structure and function, adjusting for maternal age, gestational age, household social class, maternal education, mother’s partner’s education, breastfeeding, parity, birthweight, maternal body mass index, maternal marital status, maternal prenatal smoking status, and height and fat mass at age 9. All analyses were stratified by sex.ResultsA total of 2752-4571 participants were included in the imputed analyses. A one-year older aPHV was not strongly associated with markers of cardiac structure and function in males and females at 25 years and most results spanned the null value. In adjusted analyses a one-year older aPHV was associated with 0.003mm (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.00001, 0.006) and 0.0008mm (95% CI: −0.002, 0.003) higher CIMT; 0.02m/s (95% CI: −0.05, 0.09) and 0.02m/s (95% CI: −0.04, 0.09) higher PWV; and 0.003mmHg (95% CI: −0.60, 0.60) and 0.13mmHg (95% CI: −0.44, 0.70) higher SBP, among males and females respectively. A one-year older aPHV was associated with −0.55g/m2.7 (95% CI: −0.03, −1.08) and −0.89g/m2.7 (95% CI: −0.45, −1.34) lower LVMI and −0.001 (95% CI: −0.006, 0.002) and −0.002 (95% CI: −0.006, 0.002) lower RWT among males and females.Conclusions and RelevanceEarlier puberty is unlikely to have a major impact on pre-clinical cardiovascular risk in early adulthood.Key PointsQuestionIs puberty timing associated with cardiovascular structure and function at age 25 years?FindingsAdjusted estimates from this prospective birth cohort study suggest no strong evidence of association between age at puberty (measured using age at peak height velocity) and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT), left ventricular mass index (LVMI), and relative wall thickness (RWT), pulse wave velocity (PWV), and systolic blood pressure (SBP) at age 25 years among males and females, with results spanning the null in all but LVMI.MeaningEarlier puberty is unlikely to have a major impact on pre-clinical cardiovascular risk in early adulthood.

scholarly journals Sex differences and similarities in the neuroimmune response to central administration of poly I:C

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caitlin K. Posillico ◽  
Rosa E. Garcia-Hernandez ◽  
Natalie C. Tronson
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Type I Interferons ◽  
Poly I:C ◽  
Type I ◽  
Central Administration ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
And Function ◽  
Neuroimmune Activation

ABSTRACTThe neuroimmune system is required for normal neural processes, including modulation of cognition, emotion, and adaptive behaviors. Aberrant neuroimmune activation is associated with dysregulation of memory and emotion, though the precise mechanisms at play are complex and highly context dependent. Sex differences neuroimmune activation and function further complicate our understanding of its roles in cognitive and affective regulation. Here, we characterized the physiological sickness and inflammatory response of the hippocampus following intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of a synthetic viral mimic, polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), in both male and female C57Bl/6 mice. We observed that poly I:C induced weight loss, fever, and elevations of cytokine and chemokines in the hippocampus of both sexes. Specifically, we found transient increases in gene expression and protein levels of IL-1a, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, TNFa, CCL2, and CXCL10, where males showed a greater magnitude of response compared with females. Only males showed increased IFNa and IFNγ in response to poly I:C, whereas both males and females exhibited elevations of IFNβ, demonstrating a specific sex difference in the anti-viral response in the hippocampus. This suggests that type I interferons are one potential node mediating sex-specific cytokine responses and neuroimmune effects on synaptic plasticity and cognition. These findings highlight the importance of using both males and females and analyzing a broad set of inflammatory markers in order to identify the precise, sex-specific roles for neuroimmune dysregulation in neurological diseases and disorders including Alzheimer’s Disease and depression.

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