scholarly journals Relativsätze in den Dialekten des Deutschen: Vergleich und Typologie

2013 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jürg Fleischer
Keyword(s):  
Relative Clauses ◽  
Direct Object ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Indirect Object ◽  
System A ◽  
German Dialects ◽  
Different Types ◽  
And Function

This paper establishes a cross-dialectal typology of relative clauses in various German dialects and Yiddish according to their form and function. A great variety of different types of relativizers and relative clauses can be observed, including various pronouns, particles, and zero relatives. Combinations of these types occur, one of the most typical involving a resumptive element in a clause introduced by a particle. The Accessibility Hierarchy, a concept developed in typology, is used with great profit for this study. It turns out that for the German relativization system, a basic opposition between subject and direct object as opposed to oblique holds in virtually every variety, whereas the indirect object is much less stable. In the varieties observed, significantly more relative particles and resumptive elements occur as compared to Standard German, which turns out to be quite atypical.

Dimensions of Political Participation in a Canadian Sample

1975 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 553-559 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Welch
Keyword(s):  
Political Participation ◽  
Political Campaigns ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
Political Behaviour ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Cooperative Activity ◽  
Participatory Systems ◽  
And Function

Recent works have compared political participation in a variety of democratic polities. One major finding of some of this research is that to classify individuals as highly active or inactive politically is to oversimplify the notion of participation. Political participation is multidimensional: active participants in one kind of political behaviour may be inactive in another. Preoccupation with one form of participation, such as voting, may obscure the extent and nature of participation taking place. This finding was summarized neatly in a recent work: “Citizens differ not only in the overall amounts of participation they perform but also as to the types of acts in which they choose to engage. Furthermore, these different types of acts are quite distinctive in form and function and can almost be thought of as alternative participatory systems: – systems that are used for different purposes, that are able to provide types of benefits, and that relate the participant to his government and to his fellow citizens in fundamentally different ways.” Surprisingly, perhaps, these types of participation have been found to be similar across several democratic polities. Four distinct activities have been located in the several nations: (1) voting; (2) active participation in political campaigns; (3) cooperative activity such as joining with others formally or informally to pursue political goals; and (4) contacting government officials about some public problem. There has been little analysis of the forms of participation of Canadians.

CHARACTERIZING PROJECT AND STRATEGIC APPROACHES TO REGIONAL CUMULATIVE EFFECTS ASSESSMENT IN CANADA

2008 ◽  
Vol 10 (01) ◽  
pp. 25-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
JILL A. E. HARRIMAN ◽  
BRAM F. NOBLE
Keyword(s):  
Regional Scale ◽  
Cumulative Effects ◽  
Multiple Form ◽  
Case Examples ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Institutional Frameworks ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Multiple Characteristics ◽  
And Function ◽  
Effects Assessment

Advancing cumulative effects assessments (CEA) to the regional scale, spatially and strategically, has been well argued but slow to evolve. Part of the problem is that "regional" CEA is a flexible concept, varying considerably in form and function from the project to the more strategic levels. This paper steps back from current discussions of assessment frameworks and methodologies to present a typology of regional approaches to CEA based on its multiple characteristics, functions, and expectations. Drawing upon current literature and interviews with international practitioners, we conceptualize regional CEA from two broad perspectives: EIA-driven approaches and SEA-driven approaches, illustrated with Canadian case examples. Each approach to CEA has its own merits that make it suitable to address particular types of cumulative problems at different tiers of assessment, and each of which can be expected to deliver different types of assessment results. The failure to fully recognize this "one concept–multiple form" characteristic is, in part, why the EA community has struggled in developing supportive methodological and institutional frameworks for regional CEA. We demonstrate that many of the disappointments with CEA are not the result of EIA-driven applications per se, but rather the result of mismatched CEA frameworks and expectations.

Asymmetries in children's production of relative clauses: data from English and Korean

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 1038-1071 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHAE-EUN KIM ◽  
WILLIAM O'GRADY
Keyword(s):  
Relative Clause ◽  
Relative Clauses ◽  
Head Noun ◽  
Direct Object ◽  
Indirect Object ◽  
Object Relative

ABSTRACTWe report here on a series of elicited production experiments that investigate the production of indirect object and oblique relative clauses by monolingual child learners of English and Korean. Taken together, the results from the two languages point toward a pair of robust asymmetries: children manifest a preference for subject relative clauses over indirect object relative clauses, and for direct object relative clauses over oblique relative clauses. We consider various possible explanations for these preferences, of which the most promising seems to involve the requirement that the referent of the head noun be easily construed as what the relative clause is about.

Omega Flap Technique: Revisiting Conventional Wisdom

Hand ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 155894472199078
Author(s):  
G. Balakrishnan ◽  
S. Vijayaragavan ◽  
Somesh Balakrishnan
Keyword(s):  
Medical Care ◽  
Surgical Techniques ◽  
Flap Necrosis ◽  
Secondary Surgery ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Flap Technique ◽  
Volar Aspect ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Good Technique ◽  
And Function

Various surgical techniques have been described for the release of syndactylized fingers. In our experience, the omega flap technique, which includes a dorsal truncated flap and an anchor incision on the volar side, stands out as a good technique to release syndactyly. Incidentally, in symbrachydactyly also, the fused digits can be released using this technique. Despite this, we could find no reference in the recent years. We would like to stress the ease and importance of this technique, hoping many practicing hand surgeons will benefit from this. Our purpose was to revisit this technique and expose it to the younger generation of hand surgeons. We have operated on 20 cases of syndactyly of different types—simple, compound, and complex—and 5 cases of symbrachydactyly. In all cases, the omega flap on the dorsum and anchor incision on the volar aspect of the finger forming 2 lateral palmar flaps were used. The release of syndactyly was satisfactory in all patients. There was no flap necrosis. None of these cases have required secondary surgery because the primary releases were adequate. Release of syndactyly had been a problem for centuries. Awareness of the disability was insufficient in earlier days; currently, they seek early medical care. The release should be complete. These children must be able to achieve the form and function of the hand, and additionally precision to work. We believe that the use of omega flap and anchor flap is a good procedure for syndactyly release.

SINGLE- AND MULTI-PIECE MANUSCRIPTS IN EARLY IMPERIAL CHINA: ON THE BACKGROUND AND SIGNIFICANCE OF A TERMINOLOGICAL DISTINCTION

Early China ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 245-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thies Staack
Keyword(s):  
Complementary Pair ◽  
Record Keeping ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Single Piece ◽  
Concrete Objects ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Imperial China ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Way

AbstractReceived and excavated sources from early imperial China employ various terms for pieces of bamboo or wood that served as writing support. In many cases, neither the exact meanings nor diachronic differences in usage of these terms are sufficiently clear. What kinds of concrete objects the terms actually referred to in a certain period accordingly turns out to be quite an intricate question. This article focuses on the termsdu牘 anddie牒, which not only occur most frequently in the sources, but can also be considered as a complementary pair. Investigating differences in form and function that can be gathered from the way the terms are employed in both administrative documents and legal prescriptions of the Qin and Han period (including a newly published Qin ordinance) it argues thatduanddiewere connected to two conceptually different types of manuscripts, namely single- and multi-piece manuscripts. It shows that these two types also entailed differences in how the manuscripts were kept for storage and transport, which were likewise reflected by special terminology. Finally, it proposes that the increasing use of multi-piece manuscripts instead of single-piece ones, especially since the time of Emperor Wu of Han 漢武帝 (r. 141–87b.c.e.), probably had both pragmatic and economic reasons, which fit well into the setting of a gradually consolidating empire with an ever-growing volume of bureaucratic record keeping.

scholarly journals Form und Funktion der doppelten Negation in deutschen Dialekten, mit einem Schwerpunkt im Oberdeutschen

2019 ◽  
Vol 98 (5) ◽  
pp. 179-195
Author(s):  
Ann-Marie Moser
Keyword(s):  
Spontaneous Speech ◽  
Negative Concord ◽  
East Central ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Low German ◽  
West Central ◽  
German Dialects ◽  
Speech Data ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
And Function

The article gives an overview of the form and function of negative concord in German dialects (Alemannic, Bavarian, Upper Franconian varieties, West Central German, East Central German, West Low German, East Low German, Silesian, East Pomeranian, Low Prussian), with a focus on Upper German. The study is based on spontaneous speech data from the 1950s until the 1980s and shows that negative doubling and negative spread (in German: ‘doppelte Negation mit Satznegation’ and ‘doppelte Negation ohne Satznegation’) are two different negation types, thus there is no correlation between them as generally assumed (Haspelmath 1997; Zeijlstra 2004). Furthermore negative doubling is not obligatory, but seems to be conditioned by pragmatics.

The Predicate Category and Characteristics of Arguments in Balinese Sentences

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 126
Author(s):  
I Nyoman Kardana ◽  
I Gusti Ngurah Adi Rajistha ◽  
Made Sri Satyawati
Keyword(s):  
Direct Object ◽  
Sentence Structure ◽  
Transitive Verb ◽  
Indirect Object ◽  
Intransitive Verb ◽  
Inductive Approach ◽  
Subject And Object ◽  
The Subject ◽  
And Function ◽  
Simple Sentences

This study discusses about sentence structure of Balinese language. For the analysis, inductive approach is considered to be important for this study as every language has its particular characteristics described based on the inductive approach. Based on the analysis it was found that predicate of Balinese simple sentences may be filled by verb and non-verb, such as noun, adjective, number, adverb. The number and function of the argument is different among the different predicates. The predicate filled by noun, adjective, adverb, number, and intransitive verb requires one argument functioning as the subject of sentence. Two arguments are required by transitive verb especially mono transitive verb. The two arguments can be the subject and object, the subject and complement, or the subject and adverbial. Meanwhile, di-transitive verb requires three arguments and they can be the subject, indirect object, and direct object, or the subject, object, and complement.

scholarly journals «Τhey beat him with bronze files» (UPZ I 7)

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Valérie Schram
Keyword(s):  
Form And Function ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Actual Use ◽  
And Function

AbstractThis article examines the meaning of the word ξυστήρ and points out the different types of «scrapers» it may refer to according to the context. In view of the analogy of form and function between all the tools considered, this study discusses the lexical identification and actual use of specific implements such as the woodworking drawknife.

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