Production of Novolac Resin after Partial Substitution of Phenol from Bio-Oil

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 901-912
Author(s):  
Sushil Adhikari ◽  
Maria Auad ◽  
Brian Via ◽  
Ajay Shah ◽  
Vivek Patil
Keyword(s):  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
Partial Substitution ◽  
List Type ◽  
Novolac Resin ◽  
Conversion Rates ◽  
Wood Bonding ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
Comparable Performance ◽  
Pyrolytic Lignin ◽  
Reaction Equilibrium

HighlightsBio-oil was used to produce novolac resin.Bio-oil interacted with phenol and altered the reaction rate and equilibrium.Comparable performance was observed with a low amount of substitution.Abstract. Commercially produced bio-oil with a high content of pyrolytic lignin was substituted for phenol in novolac phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin production. The reaction progress was tracked, and products were analyzed. Bio-oil substitution resulted in lower conversion rates for both formaldehyde and phenol. Substitution higher than 10 mol% increased the ortho to para ratio and enhanced thermal decomposition of resin by providing an oxidative environment, while 10 and 20 mol% of substitution did not reduce the shear strength of the novolac resin. When mixed with hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA), the bio-oil substituted resins precipitated quickly around char particles, which allowed more resin application on the wood bonding surface. Further investigation found that bio-oil substitution (higher than 10 mol%) might have changed the reaction equilibrium and promoted reverse reactions releasing formaldehyde. Overall, less than 20 mol% phenol substitution by bio-oil with a high content of pyrolytic lignin can be effective in producing novolac resin. Keywords: Bio-oil, Formaldehyde, Lignocellulosic biomass, Novolac, Phenol, Pyrolysis.

Production Levels of Bauxite and Aluminum: Global Historical Survey (1850–2015)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Christopher Sorrell ◽  
Pramod Koshy
Keyword(s):  
Primary Aluminum ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
List Type ◽  
Historical Survey ◽  
Secondary Aluminum ◽  
Comprehensive Data ◽  
Conversion Rates ◽  
Global Data

The present work provides a concise examination of the historical global production levels of bauxite, primary aluminum, and secondary aluminum from 1850 to 2015. It also provides a contextual background to these data by summarizing the main etymological, technical, and commercial developments throughout most of this period. It further includes comprehensive data for the pricing of primary aluminum in both historical and 2015 dollars on the basis of economy cost. The syntheses of the data include the following: Global production levels of bauxite based on three data setsGlobal production levels of primary aluminum based on three data setsGlobal production levels of secondary aluminum based on three data setsComparative global production levels of secondary aluminum based on five data setsPrices of primary aluminum in historical US dollars and in US dollars indexed to 2015 values based on four data setsConversion rates for historical US dollars against 2015 valuesIn addition to the preceding global data, extensive pre-1900 data for French, Swiss, and US production levels and French and US prices of primary aluminum are compiled.

Enhancing water repellency and decay resistance of wood by using water-soluble fractions separated from pyrolytic lignin of fast-pyrolysis bio-oil

2022 ◽  
Vol 177 ◽  
pp. 114540
Author(s):  
Caio Silvestre Lima Sanson ◽  
Cristiane Vieira Helm ◽  
Washington Luiz Esteves Magalhães ◽  
Graciela Inés Bolzon de Muniz ◽  
André Luiz Missio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fast Pyrolysis ◽  
Water Repellency ◽  
Decay Resistance ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
Pyrolytic Lignin ◽  
Soluble Fractions

scholarly journals Synthesis of Bio-Oilphenol-Formaldehyde Resins under Alkali Conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-27
Author(s):  
Günay Özbay ◽  
Caglar Cekic ◽  
Muhammad Syarhabil Ahmad ◽  
Erkan Sami Kokten
Keyword(s):  
Shear Strength ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
Bonding Performance ◽  
Performance Requirements ◽  
Vacuum Pyrolysis ◽  
Treatment Conditions ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Pre Treatment

In the present study, bio-oil produced from vacuum pyrolysis of woody biomass has been investigated as a source of chemical feedstock. Bio-based resins were produced using the bio- oil with phenol substitutions ranging from 10 to 30 wt%. The conventional GC/MS analysis was carried out for the evaluation of the chemical composition of bio-oil. TGA, DSC and FT-IR analyses were used in order to characterize the bio-oil-phenol-formaldehyde (BPF) resins. The bonding quality of wood samples bonded with the BPF resins was investigated under different pre-treatment conditions. The highest shear strength was observed for the control samples bonded with the laboratory PF resin. As the amount of bio-oil was increased up to 30 wt%, the shear strength of the samples decreased from 12.08 to 11.76 N/mm2. The bonding performance was not negatively affected by the combination of bio-oil under dry conditions. According to TS EN 12765 standard, the relevant performance requirements for bonded samples under dry conditions must be at least 10 N/mm2. Relating to the standard, all samples bonded with BPF resins obtained the requirements for durability class C1. Under wet conditions, the bonding performance was negatively affected by the addition of bio-oil. However, the BPF resins fulfilled the durability requirements for C1, C2, and C3 specified in EN 12765 (2002).

scholarly journals Structure properties of pyrolytic lignin extracted from aged bio-oil

2011 ◽  
Vol 56 (14) ◽  
pp. 1417-1421 ◽  
Author(s):  
XiaoXiang Jiang ◽  
Ellis Naoko ◽  
ZhaoPing Zhong
Keyword(s):  
Bio Oil ◽  
Pyrolytic Lignin ◽  
Structure Properties
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