Effects of Straw Mulching and Tillage Measures on the Photosynthetic Characteristics of Maize Leaves

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 851-858
Author(s):  
Jilong Liu ◽  
Lu Liu ◽  
Qiang Fu ◽  
Lingling Zhang ◽  
Jiawen Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Photosynthetic Capacity ◽  
Light Response ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Straw Mulching ◽  
Straw Mulch ◽  
Maize Leaves ◽  
Different Growth Stages

Abstract. This study investigated the response mechanisms of maize leaf photosynthetic characteristics to straw mulching and tillage measures in the black soil region of northeast China. Five treatments were established based on tillage and the average straw mulch yield from prior years (6500 kg ha-1): conventional tillage with no straw mulching (CK), conventional tillage with 1.0-fold (6500 kg ha-1) mulching (CM1), no tillage with 0.5-fold (3250 kg ha-1) mulching (NM0.5), no tillage with 1.0-fold (6500 kg ha-1) mulching (NM1), and no tillage with 1.5-fold (9750 kg ha-1) mulching (NM1.5). The net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2 concentration, and light response curves of maize leaves were determined and compared between the treatments with different straw mulching amounts and farming methods and between different growth stages. The photosynthetic capacity of maize leaves was greater under NM1.5 than under the other treatments except at the V6 growth stage, and the increase in yield was the most obvious effect. The photosynthetic capacity of maize leaves can be improved by increasing the quantity of straw mulch. The photosynthesis of maize was affected by nonstomatal factors at different growth stages, and straw mulching reduced the negative effects of nonstomatal factors on the photosynthesis of maize leaves. Based on a light response model of the photosynthetic rate, the maximum net photosynthetic rate, light saturation point, and apparent quantum efficiency increased as the straw mulch quantity increased, and the magnitude of the increase was greatest between the 1.0-fold and 0.5-fold straw mulching treatments. This finding indicated that straw mulching can increase the adaptability of maize to strong light and improve the efficiency of maize under weak light; moreover, the NM1.5 treatment led to the greatest improvement in the light response characteristics of maize leaves. Keywords: Photosynthetic characteristic, Photosynthetic light response curve, Straw mulching, Tillage measure.

AGRONOMIC AND ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF PERMANENT RAISED BEDS, NO TILLAGE AND STRAW MULCHING FOR AN IRRIGATED MAIZE-WHEAT SYSTEM IN NORTHWEST INDIA

2011 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
HARI RAM ◽  
YADVINDER SINGH ◽  
K. S. SAINI ◽  
D. S. KLER ◽  
J. TIMSINA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Straw Mulch ◽  
Net Returns ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Northwest India

SUMMARYNo-tillage and raised beds are widely used for different crops in developed countries. A field experiment was conducted on an irrigated maize-wheat system to study the effect of field layout, tillage and straw mulch on crop performance, water use efficiency and economics for five years (2003–2008) in northwest India. Straw mulch reduced the maximum soil temperature at seed depth by about 3 °C compared to the no mulch. During the wheat emergence, raised beds recorded 1.3 °C higher soil temperature compared to the flat treatments. Both maize and wheat yields were similar under different treatments during all the years. Maize and wheat planted on raised beds recorded about 7.8% and 22.7% higher water use efficiency than under flat layout, respectively. Straw mulch showed no effect on water use and water use efficiency in maize. The net returns from the maize-wheat system were more in no tillage and permanent raised beds than with conventional tillage. Bulk density and cumulative infiltration were more in no tillage compared with conventional tillage.

Effects of tillage practices on pea leaf weevil (Sitona lineatus L., Coleoptera: Curculionidae) biology and crop damage: A farm-scale study in the US Pacific Northwest

2012 ◽  
Vol 102 (6) ◽  
pp. 682-691 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.P. Hanavan ◽  
N.A. Bosque-Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Crop Damage ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Feeding Damage ◽  
Northern Idaho ◽  
Eastern Washington ◽  
Pea Leaf Weevil

AbstractThe pea leaf weevil, Sitona lineatus L., is periodically a significant pest of pea, Pisum sativum L., in the Palouse region of northern Idaho and eastern Washington, USA. Previous on-station research demonstrated significantly greater adult pea leaf weevil colonization, immature survival, adult emergence and plant damage in conventional-tillage compared to no-tillage plots of pea. In experiments conducted during the 2006 and 2007 growing seasons, aerial and ground adult pea leaf weevil colonization of large-scale commercial pea fields under different tillage regimes in northern Idaho and eastern Washington was examined for the first time. Initial pea leaf weevil feeding damage, immature weevil densities and subsequent adult emergence from the fields were also assessed. During both years, significantly more adult pea leaf weevils were captured in conventional-tillage than in no-tillage fields during the crop establishment period in May. No-tillage soils remained wet longer in the spring and could not be planted by growers until later than conventional-tillage fields. Pea planted under conventional-tillage emerged earlier and had significantly greater feeding damage by the pea leaf weevil than no-tillage pea. Significantly, greater immature pea leaf weevil densities and subsequent adult emergence were observed in conventional-tillage than in no-tillage pea fields. Delayed development of root nodules in the cooler, moister conditions of no-tillage pea fields likely resulted in escape from attack and injury during the critical growth stages that ultimately influence yield. Results indicate that large-scale commercial no-tillage pea fields are less suitable for colonization and survival of the pea leaf weevil and suffer less weevil damage than fields under conventional tillage.

Effects of No-Tillage and Ploughing on Roots of Maize and Leguminous Crops

1980 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. R. Maurya ◽  
R. Lal
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Surface Layer ◽  
Glycine Max ◽  
Root Development ◽  
Cajanus Cajan ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Maize Roots ◽  
Leguminous Crops ◽  
Different Growth Stages

SUMMARYRoot development of maize (Zea mays), soyabean (Glycine max), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), and pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) was investigated with and without tillage. Observations were made at different growth stages by digging trenches normal to the rows, by core sampling, and by observing growth of roots against glass windows. There were more maize roots in the surface layer (0–10 cm) with no-tillage than in conventionally ploughed plots, but at 10–40 cm maize roots were more abundant and soyabean and pigeonpea roots less so in the no-tillage plots.

Methane consumption potential of soybean-wheat, maize-wheat and maize-gram cropping systems under conventional and no-tillage agriculture in a tropical vertisol

2020 ◽  
Vol 158 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 38-46
Author(s):  
Bharati Kollah ◽  
Mahendra Bakoriya ◽  
Garima Dubey ◽  
Rakesh Parmar ◽  
J. Somasundaram ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Consumption Rate ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Available Nitrogen ◽  
Methane Consumption ◽  
Gene Copies

AbstractMethane (CH4) consumption in agricultural soil is imperative for the mitigation of climate change. However, the effect of tillage and cropping systems on CH4 consumption is less studied. Experiments were carried out in Madhya Pradesh, India with soybean-wheat (SW), maize-wheat (MW) and maize-gram (MG) cropping systems under conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT). Soybean/maize was cultivated during the kharif season (July–October) and wheat/chickpea in the rabi season (October–March) for 9 years consecutively. Soil samples were collected during vegetative growth stages of soybean and maize from different cropping systems. Methane consumption, the abundance of methanotrophs as particulate methane monooxygenase (pmoA) gene copies, soil and crop parameters were estimated. Methane consumption rate was higher in NT and upper soil layer (0–5 cm) than CT and 5–15 cm depth. Methane consumption rate k ranged from 0.35 to 0.56 μg CH4 consumed/g soil/d in the order of MW>SW>MG in 0–5 cm. The abundance of pmoA gene copies ranged from 43 × 104/g soil to 13 × 104/g soil and was highest in MW-NT and lowest in MG-CT. Available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were higher in 0–5 cm than in 5–15 cm depth. Soil and plant parameters and abundance of pmoA genes correlated significantly and positively with CH4 consumption rate. No-tillage stimulated CH4 consumption compared to CT irrespective of cropping system and CH4 consumption potential was highest in MW and lowest in MG. However, the magnitude of the positive effect of NT towards CH4 consumption was higher in SW and MG than MW.

scholarly journals Effects of Silicon on Photosynthetic Characteristics of Maize (Zea maysL.) on Alluvial Soil

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiming Xie ◽  
Fengbin Song ◽  
Hongwen Xu ◽  
Hongbo Shao ◽  
Ri Song
Keyword(s):  
Photosynthetic Efficiency ◽  
Alluvial Soil ◽  
Optimal Dose ◽  
Photosynthetic Characteristics ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Total Chlorophyll ◽  
Chlorophyll Contents ◽  
Maize Leaves ◽  
Different Growth Stages ◽  
Photosynthetic Ability

The objectives of the study were to determine the effects of silicon on photosynthetic characteristics of maize on alluvial soil, including total chlorophyll contents, photosynthetic ratePn, stomatal conductancegs, transpiration rate (E), and intercellular CO2concentrationCiusing the method of field experiment, in which there were five levels (0, 45, 90, 150, and 225 kg·ha−1) of silicon supplying. The results showed that certain doses of silicon fertilizers can be used successfully in increasing the values of total chlorophyll contents,Pn, andgsand decreasing the values ofEandCiof maize leaves, which meant that photosynthetic efficiency of maize was significantly increased in different growth stages by proper doses of Si application on alluvial soil, and the optimal dose of Si application was 150 kg·ha−1. Our results indicated that silicon in proper amounts can be beneficial in increasing the photosynthetic ability of maize, which would be helpful for the grain yield and growth of maize.

scholarly journals Canopy Photosynthetic Capacity and Light Response Parameters of Rubber Hevea brasiliensis with Reference to Exploitation

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 01-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Gunasekera ◽  
W De Costa ◽  
A Nugawela
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Photosynthetic Capacity ◽  
Light Response ◽  
Co2 Assimilation ◽  
Canopy Architecture ◽  
Canopy Photosynthesis ◽  
Canopy Layer ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Consistent Variation

The main objective of this study wasto investigate the relationship between canopy photosynthetic capacityand light response parametersof tapped and untapped trees of twoHeveabrasiliensis genotypes, i.e. RRISL 211 and RRIC 121. Moreover, attempts have been made to develop correlations between canopy photosynthesis and light response parameters Heveawith reference to exploitation. The canopy photosynthetic rates measured under optimal environmental conditions clearly showed clonal differences in CO2 assimilation rates. The photosynthetic capacities of leaves from all strata of RRISL 211 were greater than the corresponding strata values in RRIC 121. A greater canopy photosynthetic rate was observed in clone RRISL 211 despite its leaf area index being 2% lower than in RRIC 121. This could be because of the greater photosynthetic capacity of RRISL 211, as indicated by the greater Amax values.In each clone, Amax of the tapped trees was greater than the Amax of untapped trees, and this difference was greater in RRISL 211 than RRIC 121. Another reason for the greater canopy photosynthesis of clone RRISL 211 was the presence of a higher percentage of leaf area in the top canopy layer as compared to clone RRIC 121. Even though, the light saturation point, LSP (i.e. the light intensity at which photosynthetic rate reaches maximum), did not differ significantly between different canopy layers within a clone for both clones, RRIC 121 had greater LSP for corresponding layers than RRISL 211. Moreover, it was evident that, due to the more open canopy architecture of clone RRIC 121, LSP of its middle canopy layer was very close to LSP of the upper canopy layer.In both clones QE of all canopy layers did not show a consistent variation between tapped and untapped treatments The Rd rates of corresponding canopy layers were always slightly greater in RRISL 211 than in RRIC 121. In both clones there was a gradual reduction in Rd rates when moving from upper through middle to bottom layers of the canopy. However, detailed analysis of Rd rates in the different canopy layers between tapped and untapped treatments showed clonal differences. Nevertheless, in both clones Rd of all canopy layers did not show a consistent variation pattern between tapped and untapped treatments. The overall results of both clones clearly showed that tapped trees have a greater photosynthetic capacity as compared to untapped trees because tapping exerts a stimulatory effect on photosynthesis. This trend was more evident in clone RRISL 211.

TILLAGE AND PLANTING METHODS EFFECTS ON YIELD, WATER USE EFFICIENCY AND PROFITABILITY OF SOYBEAN–WHEAT SYSTEM ON A LOAMY SAND SOIL

2013 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 524-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
HARI RAM ◽  
YADVINDER SINGH ◽  
K. S. SAINI ◽  
D. S. KLER ◽  
J. TIMSINA
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Straw Mulch ◽  
Loamy Sand Soil ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Raised Bed

SUMMARYContinuous rice–wheat (RW) cropping with intensive tillage has resulted in land degradation and inefficient use of water in Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) of South Asia. Replacement of rice with less water requiring crops such as soybean in RW system and identification of effective strategies for tillage management could result in sustainable cropping system in IGP. A field experiment was conducted for five years on an annual soybean–wheat (SW) rotation in the northwest IGP of India to evaluate effect of tillage, raised bed planting and straw mulch on yield, soil properties, water use efficiency (WUE) and profitability. In soybean, straw mulch reduced soil temperature at seeding depth by about 2.5 °C compared with no mulch. Straw mulch also resulted in slightly reduced water use and slightly higher WUE relative to their respective unmulched treatments. During wheat emergence, raised beds resulted in higher soil temperature by 1.6 °C compared with flat treatments. Bulk density and cumulative infiltration were greater in no-tillage compared with conventional tillage. Soil organic carbon in surface layer increased significantly after five years of experimentation. Soybean and wheat yields were similar under different treatments during all the years of experimentation. Soybean and wheat planted on raised beds recorded about 17% and 23% higher WUE, respectively, than in flat layout. The net returns from SW system were greater in no-tillage and permanent raised beds than with conventional tillage. Both no-tillage and permanent raised bed technologies can be adopted for sustainable crop production in SW rotation in northwest IGP. However, more studies are required representing different soil types and climate conditions for making recommendations for other regions of IGP.

scholarly journals Development and Evaluation of a Drip Irrigation System in Southeastern Nigeria

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
C. P. Nwachukwu ◽  
L. C. Orakwe ◽  
N. M. Okoye
Keyword(s):  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Southeastern Nigeria ◽  
Permanent Wilting Point ◽  
Wilting Point

Extreme climatic factors (temperature, precipitation etc) which at times lead to drought and flooding affect crop yield negatively. In this study, a PVC drip irrigation was developed and the irrigation parameters were evaluated in a farmland with three tillage methods (conventional tillage, conservative tillage and no tillage). The irrigation treatments comprised of three levels of irrigation (50% Management allowable depletion, 30% management allowable depletion and 10% management allowable depletion). Different irrigation parameters were evaluated for different crop growth stages, different soil treatments and different soil depths (0-25 cm, 25-50, 50-75 and 75-100 cm depths). The field capacity was determined at -0.01MPa, from the result, the field capacity was minimum at no tillage (0.07 cm3/cm3, 0.11 cm3/cm3, 0.12 cm3/cm3, and 0.14 cm3/cm3) for soil depths 0-25 cm, 25-50 cm, 50-75 cm and 75-100 cm respectively, for conservative tillage (0.11 cm3/cm3, 0.11 cm3/cm3, 0.11 cm3/cm3, 0.14 cm3/cm3) for 0-25 cm, 25-50 cm, 50-75 cm and 75-100 cm soil depths respectively and conventional tillage (0.09 cm3/cm3, 0.13 cm3/cm3, 0.15 cm3/cm3, 0.17 cm3/cm3) for 0-25 cm, 25-50 cm, 50-75 cm and 75-100 cm soil depths respectively. The permanent wilting point was determined at -1.5MPa, from the result, permanent wilting point increased with increase in soil depth in conventional tillage and no tillage with PWP of 0.01 cm3/cm3, 0.05 cm3/cm3, 0.09 cm3/cm3 and 0.11 cm3/cm3 at 0-25 cm, 25-50 cm, 50-75 cm and 75-100 cm soil depths respectively for conventional tillage and PWP of 0.02 cm3/cm3, 0.05 cm3cm3, 0.05 cm3/cm3 and 0.08 cm3/cm3 at 0-25 cm, 25-50 cm, 50-75 cm and 75-100 cm soil depths respectively for no tillage. The average net irrigation was found to be 1.2 cm, 1.56 cm and 1.95 cm for conventional tillage, conservative tillage and no tillage respectively, while the average gross irrigation was found to be 1.7 cm, 1.7 cm and 2.1 cm for conventional tillage, conservative tillage and no tillage respectively. Statistical analysis of net and gross irrigation gave a coefficient of determination of 0.99 and p-value at 0.05 was significant with a value of 0.00007.

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