Effects of Pellet Processing Parameters on Pellet Quality and Nursery Pig Growth Performance

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 439-446
Author(s):  
Ashton D. Yoder ◽  
Charles R. Stark ◽  
Mike D. Tokach ◽  
Cassandra K. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Factorial Design ◽  
Pellet Quality ◽  
Nursery Pigs ◽  
Pellet Diameter ◽  
Moisture Percentage ◽  
Conditioning Temperature ◽  
Nursery Pig ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. During the pelleting process, conditioning temperature can influence nutrient availability and pellet durability index (PDI). However, the impact of conditioning temperature on nursery pig growth performance is variable. Therefore, the objectives of two experiments were to: (1) compare moisture percentage among three pellet mill series, and (2) quantify growth performance differences in nursery pigs due to diet form (mash vs. pelleted), conditioning temperature (low, medium, and high), and pellet diameter (4.0 mm and 5.2 mm). Experiment 1 was a 3 × 4 factorial design with three pellet mill series of decreasing capacity (medium, small, and experimental-scale; California Pellet Mill Co., Crawfordsville, Indiana, for a medium, small, and experimental pellet mill, respectively) that produced samples collected at four locations (initial, post-conditioner, post-die, and post-cooling). Three runs were completed on each pellet mill, with the shutdown of the pellet mill indicating the end of a run. Three samples were collected from each location per run, for a total of 36 samples. Experiment 2 used 350 nursery pigs (DNA 200 × 400; initially 7.6 kg) in a 28 d experiment fed two phases, with a phase change at day 14. Seven treatments were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial design plus an unpelleted mash control, with the factors of pellet diameter (4.0 mm and 5.2 mm) and conditioning temperature (low, medium, and high). Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS (version 9.4). In experiment 1, there was a significant pellet mill × location interaction (p = 0.012) for moisture percentage. Because moisture is added via steam at the conditioner, only the conditioning location results are described. Regardless of pellet mill type, moisture was highest in conditioned samples. However, conditioned samples from the experimental-sized pellet mill had over 1% greater (p < 0.05) moisture than samples from the medium and small pellet mills. This increase in moisture is one reason why higher (p < 0.05) PDI values were found in pellets from the experimental pellet mill compared to the medium and small pellet mills. In experiment 2, increasing conditioning temperature improved (p < 0.0001) PDI. The interaction of pellet diameter × conditioning temperature did not impact (p > 0.10) overall nursery pig feed efficiency (G:F). However, for overall G:F, both main effects tended to be significant (p < 0.10), which was caused by pigs having greater (p < 0.05) G:F when fed larger-diameter pellets conditioned at a low temperature, compared to pigs fed smaller-diameter pellets conditioned at a high temperature. Regardless of parameter, pigs fed pelleted diets had 4.5% greater (p < 0.05) G:F than those fed mash diets. In summary, pellet mill size is important to consider when evaluating factors that impact pellet quality, such as percentage moisture. Increasing conditioning temperature is one method to improve PDI, but there was a tendency to reduce nursery pig G:F when feeding two phases of diets in a 28 d study. In conclusion, conditioning feed at lower temperatures may improve nursery pig G:F when starting pigs on a new diet. Keywords: Moisture, Pelleting, Starch.

scholarly journals 244 Effect of Fiber Source and Crude Protein Level on Nursery Pig Performance

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 94-95
Author(s):  
Kelsey Hammers ◽  
Hilda I Calderon ◽  
Mike D Tokach ◽  
Jason C Woodworth ◽  
Robert D Goodband ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Oat Hulls ◽  
Nursery Pigs ◽  
Nursery Pig ◽  
Pig Performance ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Main Effects

Abstract A total of 360 pigs (DNA 200′400, initially 5.0 kg) were used in a 45-d growth trial to determine the effects of fiber source and crude protein (CP) level in diets without pharmacological levels of ZnO on nursery pig growth performance and fecal dry matter (DM). Pigs were randomly assigned to 1 of 8 treatments with 5 pigs/pen and 9 pens/treatment. Treatments were arranged in a 2×4 factorial with main effects of CP (21 or 18%) and fiber source [none, coarse wheat bran (CWB), oat hulls, or cellulose (Arbocel, J. Rettenmaier USA, Schoolcraft, MI)]. Fiber source was added to equalize the level of insoluble fiber contributed from 4% CWB, resulting in the addition of 1.85% oat hulls or 1.55% cellulose. Diets were fed in two phases (d 0 to 10 and 10 to 24) followed by a common diet (d 24 to 45). The 21% CP diets contained 1.40% SID Lys in phase 1 and 1.35% SID Lys in phase 2. Treatment diets were formulated to a maximum SID Lys:digestible CP level of 6.35%, thus SID Lys decreased in the 18% CP (1.25% SID Lys) diets. Data were analyzed using the lmer function in R. No fiber source × CP level interactions (P >0.05) were observed. Decreasing dietary CP decreased (P = 0.05) ADG, G:F, and d 24 BW. Overall, ADG and d 45 BW decreased (P < 0.05) for pigs fed 18% CP diets. No main effects of fiber source were observed for growth performance throughout the study. Fecal DM increased (P < 0.05) for pigs fed added cellulose compared to pigs fed no fiber or CWB in the experimental period. In conclusion, reducing dietary CP decreased growth performance and the inclusion of cellulose improved fecal DM of nursery pigs.

scholarly journals Effect of cleaning corn on mycotoxin concentration and nursery pig growth performance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashton D Yoder ◽  
Charles R Stark ◽  
Joel M DeRouchey ◽  
Michael D Tokach ◽  
Chad B Paulk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
High Variability ◽  
Feed Ratio ◽  
Nursery Pigs ◽  
Feed Form ◽  
Nursery Pig ◽  
Animal Growth ◽  
Experimental Treatments ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Mycotoxins are naturally-produced hazards that result from molds grown on cereal grains and other commodities. These molds may produce carcinogenic mycotoxins, which can be harmful to humans and animals. Removing broken kernels has been demonstrated to reduce mycotoxin concentration, but with high variability. Therefore, two experiments were conducted to quantify the magnitude of natural mycotoxin concentration that may be reduced by cleaning corn. Two loads of corn that were naturally contaminated with mycotoxins were procured. Corn for Experiment 1 was contaminated with aflatoxin (1,074 parts per billion; ppb), fumonisin (8.3 parts per million; ppm), and ochratoxin A (206 ppb), while corn for Experiment 2 was contaminated with only fumonisin (5.5 ppm). Corn was cleaned by mechanical sieving. For each experiment, corn was divided into twenty 150 kg runs. Runs were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 experimental treatments: 1) no screen 2) 12.7 mm screen, 3) 4.8 mm screen, and 4) 12.7 + 4.8-mm screen. The corn cleaner was sanitized between runs. Three 5 kg corn samples were collected from each run, and analyzed for mycotoxin concentration. In Experiment 1, cleaning reduced (P < 0.05) aflatoxin and fumonisin concentration by an average of 26% and 45%, respectively, compared to the original uncleaned corn level, but did not impact (P > 0.10) ochratoxin A. The resultant screenings had nearly 4 times the aflatoxin (4,224 ppb) and 7.5 times the fumonisin concentration (60.4 ppm) as the uncleaned corn. In Experiment 2, cleaning reduced (P < 0.05) fumonisin concentration by 32%. The resultant screenings had 19.6 times the fumonisin concentration (65.4 ppm) as the uncleaned corn. To determine the effect that cleaning corn may have on nursery pig growth performance, 360 nursery pigs were used in Experiment 3 to evaluate the impact of cleaning or pelleting on growth performance. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial with corn type (uncleaned vs. cleaned) and feed form (mash vs. pelleted from either mill A or B). Neither cleaning corn nor pellet mill type affected (P > 0.19) nursery pig growth performance. Pelleting improved (P < 0.0001) gain to feed ratio (G:F) by 7.6% compared to mash diets. These data suggest that cleaning is an effective method to legally reduce aflatoxin and fumonisin concentration, but does not impact animal growth performance. Screenings should be used cautiously when feeding to animals.

scholarly journals PSI-33 Effect of conditioning temperature and pellet diameter on nursery pig growth performance

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 252-253
Author(s):  
Olivia Harrison ◽  
Ashton Yoder ◽  
Cassandra K Jones
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Pellet Diameter ◽  
Conditioning Temperature ◽  
Nursery Pig ◽  
Pig Feed ◽  
Pig Performance

Abstract A total of 350 nursery pigs (initially 7.6 kg BW) were used in a 28-d trial to evaluate the effects of conditioning temperature and pellet diameter on nursery pig performance. Pigs were randomly assigned to 1 of 7 treatments with 10 pens/treatment and 5 pigs/pen. The 7 treatments were arranged in a 2×3 factorial design plus a mash control, with the factors of pellet diameter (4.0 mm vs. 4.8 mm), and conditioning temperature (low, medium, vs. high). Phase 1 conditioning temperatures were 54°C, 66°C, and 77°C, while phase 2 conditioning temperatures were 54°C, 71°C, and 88°C for low, medium, and high, respectively. Pigs were fed phase 1 from d 0 to 14, which contained 10% spray dried whey, while phase 2 was fed from d 14 to 28, which did not contain milk products. Pig weights and feed disappearance were recorded weekly to determine ADG, ADFI, and G:F. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS with pen as the experimental unit. Pellet diameter did not impact (P > 0.05) nursery pig growth performance. Pigs fed pelleted diets had greater (P < 0.05) G:F than those fed mash diets. During phase 1 and overall, there were no significant (P > 0.05) interactive or main effects. However, conditioning phase 2 diets at lower temperatures improved (P < 0.05) ADG and G:F than medium and high conditioning temperatures. In conclusion, pelleting improves nursery pig feed efficiency. To maximize nursery pig feed efficiency, phase 2 diets should be conditioned at relatively low temperatures.

scholarly journals 129 Effects of a multi-strain Bacillus subtilis-based direct-fed microbial on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and colonic pH in diets fed to weanling pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 101-102
Author(s):  
Jaron R Lewton ◽  
Adrienne Woodward ◽  
Ronny Moser ◽  
Kyan M Thelen ◽  
Adam J Moeser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Distal Colon ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Nursery Pigs ◽  
Fiber Digestion ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
The Impact

Abstract A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of a multi-strain Bacillus subtilis-based direct-fed microbial (DFM) on apparent digestibility and colonic pH of nursery pigs. Eighty pigs, of equal number of barrows and gilts (initial BW: 6.99 ± 1.67 kg), were weaned at 21 ± 1 d and randomly allotted to sixteen pens, with five pigs per pen. Two dietary treatments were implemented, a basal control (CON) and a control plus DFM (DFM). Both diets were corn, soybean meal, and distillers dried grains based, formulated to meet all or exceed all nutritional requirements, and manufactured on site. Diets were fed for 42 days. Performance measures were recorded weekly. On d 21 and 42 of the experiment, one pig per pen was randomly selected and euthanized, with equal number of males and females represented. Digestibility of specific nutrients was evaluated within the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, ascending and distal colon. There were no overall differences in growth performance. Overall means ± SD were 0.51 ± 0.05 kg/d, 0.79 ± 0.05 kg/d and 0.66 ± 0.05 for ADG, ADFI, and G:F, respectively. Digestibility of tryptophan within the jejunum tended (P = 0.06) to increase with addition of DFM, as did cysteine (P = 0.12) and methionine (P = 0.10). The analysis also suggested that the impact of the DFM on the digestibility of amino acids may be early in the nursery phase. The pH of contents in ascending colon, a possible indicator of varied fiber digestion, did not differ. Likewise, no differences were observed between treatment in apparent total tract nitrogen and energy digestibility (analysis of distal colon contents). The addition of a multi-strain Bacillus subtilis-based DFM appears to impact digestibility of select amino acids depending upon location in the gastrointestinal tract.

232 Effects of Yarrowia Lipolytica Supplementation on Growth Performance and Apparent Ileal Digestibility of Diets Fed to Nursery Pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 118-118
Author(s):  
Yi-Chi Cheng ◽  
Marcos E Duarte ◽  
Sung Woo Kim
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Yarrowia Lipolytica ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Nursery Pigs ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Poultry Fat ◽  
Nursery Pig ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Lipid Supplement

Abstract The objective was to evaluate Yarrowia lipolytica (YL) as a lipid supplement fed to nursery pigs for the growth performance and apparent ileal digestibility (AID). Twenty-four pigs weaned at 21 d of age (12 barrows and 12 gilts with initial BW at 7.2 ± 0.6 kg) were allotted to 3 dietary treatments (n = 8) based on the randomized complete block design with sex and BW as blocks. The main effect was the dietary supplementation of YL (0, 1.5, and 3.0%, replacing poultry fat) with nutrients meeting or exceeding the requirements by NRC (2012) and fed to pigs for 21 d based on 2 phases. Feed intake and BW were recorded at d 0, 10, and 21 to calculate ADG, ADFI, and G:F. Fecal scores were recorded at every odd day from d 3 to 19. Pigs were euthanized on d 21 to collect ileal digesta for AID of nutrients in diets. Data were analyzed using Proc Mixed of SAS. There were no differences in growth performance among treatments. Whereas, pigs fed 0 and 1.5% YL had higher (P < 0.05) AID of DM (55.0 and 52.2% to 40.2%, respectively) and GE (62.1 and 60.6% to 49.8%, respectively) than pigs fed 3% YL. There were no differences in AID of DM and GE between the pigs fed 0% and 1.5% YL. In conclusion, 1.5% Yarrowia lipolytica could be supplemented in nursery pig diets reducing 0.8% of poultry fat without affecting growth performance and AID of DM and GE.

167 The impact of dietary SID Trp:Lys on growth performance of nursery pigs

2017 ◽  
Vol 95 (suppl_2) ◽  
pp. 79-79
Author(s):  
D. D. Koehler ◽  
J. F. Patience ◽  
K. J. Touchette ◽  
S. A. Gould ◽  
T. A. Kellner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Nursery Pigs ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Effects of conditioners (standard, long term, and expander) on pellet quality and growth performance in nursery pigs

1998 ◽  
pp. 210-212
Author(s):  
S L Johnston ◽  
Robert H Hines ◽  
C A Maloney ◽  
S L Traylor ◽  
S P Sorrell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Pellet Quality ◽  
Nursery Pigs

scholarly journals 136 The impact of Swine Awake® on commercial nursery flows from a PRRSV positive source

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 74-74
Author(s):  
Emily Sugg ◽  
Randy Jones ◽  
Tyler Holck ◽  
Scott Heintzelman ◽  
Sarah A Weiland
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Oral Fluid ◽  
Respiratory Virus ◽  
Total Mortality ◽  
Performance Data ◽  
Single Source ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Nursery Pigs ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Positive Source

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of Swine Awake® (SA; NutriQuest, Mason City, IA) on commercial nursery pigs from a single-source positive for Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Virus (PRRSV). This study included 16 nursery rooms located on 3 farms. Rooms were alternately assigned between Control and SA treatment for a total of 8 rooms per treatment, with both treatments equally represented at each farm. Control and SA treatment rooms averaged 1,144 and 1,125 pigs placed for 47.4 and 48.3 days on trial, respectively. Swine Awake was administered via water for 21 d post-placement. Serum samples were collected from 30 pigs in each room at placement before MLV PRRSV vaccination and pooled in groups of 5 within room. Pooled serum samples along with oral fluid samples pulled the last days of trial were sent for PRRSV quantification by PCR. Performance data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Farm, start BW, and days on trial were used as covariates in the model when significant (P < 0.05). Twenty-seven of 96 pooled serum samples and 29 of 30 oral fluid samples tested positive for PRRSV with CT values ranging from 26.2 to < 37, suggesting pigs were viremic at placement with virus present throughout the study. End BW, ADG, and G/F did not significantly differ between treatments (P > 0.10); however, a numerical improvement of 0.27 kg for end BW and a 1.9% improvement in G/F were observed for pigs given SA compared with Control. Reduced percentage of dead or euthanized pigs was observed for pigs given SA compared with Control (4.1 vs. 5.9%, P = 0.06). Overall, nursery growth performance in pigs coming from a PRRSV positive flow was not different between treatments, but total mortality was decreased by 31% in barns where SA was administered.

Influence of feed ingredients with pellet-binding properties on physical pellet quality, growth performance, carcass characteristics and nutrient retention in broiler chickens

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arash Moradi ◽  
Soudabeh Moradi ◽  
M. Reza Abdollahi
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Wheat Gluten ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Nutrient Retention ◽  
Heart Weight ◽  
Pellet Quality ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Sodium Bentonite ◽  
Pellet Diameter

The influence of inclusion of pellet binder on physical pellet quality, growth performance, carcass characteristics and total tract apparent retention of nutrients was examined. Broiler starter (Days 1–21, pellet diameter: 2.5 mm) and finisher (Days 22–42, pellet diameter: 4 mm) diets were formulated and then allocated to one of the seven treatments including control diet, and diets including sodium bentonite (10 and 20 g/kg), wheat gluten (10 and 20 g/kg) and wheat (100 and 200 g/kg). All ingredients used as a pellet binder significantly (P &lt; 0.05) increased the pellet-durability index compared with control diet. Wheat gluten and wheat at both inclusion rates were significantly (P &lt; 0.05) more efficient than was sodium bentonite in improving pellet hardness. From Day 1 to Day 42, chickens fed 10 g/kg wheat gluten and 100 and 200 g/kg wheat gained significantly (P &lt; 0.05) more weight than did control. During starters, birds fed 200 g/kg wheat showed the highest feed intake (P &lt; 0.05). On Day 42, all the pellet binders resulted in a heavier heart weight than in the control (P &lt; 0.05). At Day 21, the length of ileum was significantly (P &lt; 0.05) higher in birds fed 10 and 20 g/kg sodium bentonite, 10 g/kg wheat gluten and 200 g/kg wheat, but at Day 42, it was greater in birds fed 20 g/kg wheat gluten and 200 g/kg wheat than in those fed the control diet. Inclusion of wheat gluten (10 and 20 g/kg) and wheat (100 and 200 g/kg) increased (P &lt; 0.05) fat apparent retention. Birds fed 20 g/kg wheat gluten had a significantly (P &lt; 0.05) higher total tract apparent retention of crude fibre, also calcium apparent retention improved by wheat gluten inclusion at concentrations of 10 and 20 g/kg compared with control (P &lt; 0.05). Overall, inclusion of 10 g/kg wheat gluten, and 100 and 200 g/kg of wheat improved physical pellet quality and weight gain in broilers.

scholarly journals PSV-10 Effects of storing three phytase sources for 90 days under high temperature and humidity on phytase stability, growth performance, and bone mineralization of nursery pigs

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 194-195
Author(s):  
Carine M Vier ◽  
Mariana Boscato Menegat ◽  
Kiah M Gourley ◽  
Steve S Dritz ◽  
Mike D Tokach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Bone Mineralization ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Phytase Activity ◽  
Pure Form ◽  
Nursery Pigs ◽  
Bone Ash ◽  
Nursery Pig

Abstract This study evaluated storing 3 commercial phytases for 90 d in an environmental chamber set at 29.4°C and 75% humidity on phytase stability and nursery pig growth performance and bone mineralization. The phytases [HiPhos GT (20,000 FYT/g, DSM Nutritional Products, Parsippany, NJ); Axtra Phy TPT (20,000 FTU/g, Dupont, Wilmington, DE), and Quantum Blue G (40,000 FTU/g, AB Vista, Plantation, FL)] were kept as pure forms or blended in a vitamin-trace mineral (VTM) premix and sampled on d 0, 30, 60, and 90 of storage. Regardless of source and form, analyzed phytase activity decreased (linear, P < 0.001) as storage increased. Afterwards, 300 nursery pigs (11.7 kg BW) were assigned to 1 of 8 treatments in a RCBD with 4-5 pigs/pen and 8 pens/treatment. Treatments included a negative (NC, 0.12% aP) and positive control (PC, 0.27% aP) without phytase; or NC with added phytase to provide 0.15% aP (1,000, 651 and 500 FTU/kg for HiPhos, Axtra Phy, and Quantum Blue, respectively). Negative control with added phytase treatments were manufactured with each phytase source previously stored in pure form or VTM premix for 90d. Pigs fed PC had greater (P < 0.001) ADG compared to pigs fed Axtra Phy stored in VTM or NC. Feed intake was similar for PC, phytases stored in pure forms, and HiPhos and Quantum Blue stored in VTM, and greater (P < 0.001) than pigs fed NC. Pigs fed PC or HiPhos stored in pure form had improved (P < 0.001) G:F compared to pigs fed NC. Bone mineralization was greater (P < 0.001) for pigs fed PC compared to NC, phytases stored in VTM, and Axtra Phy and Quantum Blue stored in pure form. Regardless of source and form, phytase activity decreased as storage increased. In this study, bone ash was reduced when phytases were stored for 90d in a VTM compared to the PC.

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