scholarly journals Setback Distance Requirements for Removal of Swine Slurry Constituents in Runoff

2017 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 1885-1894 ◽  
Author(s):  
John E. Gilley ◽  
Shannon L. Bartelt-Hunt ◽  
Kent M. Eskridge ◽  
Xu Li ◽  
Amy M. Schmidt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Application ◽  
Potassium Sulfate ◽  
Rainfall Simulation ◽  
Swine Slurry ◽  
Filter Strips ◽  
Cropland Area ◽  
Dissolved Phosphorus ◽  
Runoff Rate ◽  
Phosphorus Runoff ◽  
Setback Distance

Abstract. The use of setback distances for manure application on cropland areas adjacent to surface water bodies could serve a function similar to vegetative filter strips. However, little information currently exists to identify the setback distances necessary to effectively reduce the transport of contaminants in runoff. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of setback distance and runoff rate on concentrations of selected constituents in runoff following land application of swine slurry to a no-till cropland area in southeast Nebraska. The study site had a residue cover of 7.73 Mg ha-1 and a slope gradient of 4.9%. The twenty plots examined during the investigation were 3.7 m across the slope by 4.9, 7.9, 11.0, 17.1, or 23.2 m long. An initial set of rainfall simulation tests were completed to identify background concentrations of selected constituents. Swine slurry was then applied to the upper 4.9 m of each plot, and additional rainfall simulation tests were conducted on the same plots examined previously. A first-order exponential decay function was used to estimate the effects of setback distance on concentrations of selected constituents. A setback distance of 12.2 m reduced runoff concentrations of dissolved phosphorus (DP), NH4-N, total nitrogen (TN), boron, chloride, manganese, potassium, sulfate, zinc, electrical conductivity (EC), and pH to background values similar to those measured for the no-slurry condition. Runoff rate significantly influenced transport of several of the constituents, with concentrations generally decreasing as runoff rate increased. The transport of selected pollutants in runoff was significantly reduced when setback areas were employed. Keywords: Filter strips, Land application, Manure management, Manure runoff, Nitrogen, Nutrients, Phosphorus, Runoff, Swine slurry, Water quality.

scholarly journals Wheat Strip Effects on Microbial Transport Following Variable Applications of Beef Cattle Manure

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-270
Author(s):  
Lisa M. Durso ◽  
John E. Gilley ◽  
David B. Marx ◽  
Chance A. Thayer ◽  
Bryan L. Woodbury
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Land Application ◽  
Cattle Manure ◽  
Rainfall Simulation ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Nutrient Loads ◽  
Microbial Transport ◽  
Vegetative Filter Strips ◽  
Filter Strips ◽  
Phosphorus Requirement

Abstract. Vegetative filter strips (VFS) consisting of perennial vegetation have been successfully used to reduce the transport of contaminants in runoff from land application areas. The effectiveness of a winter wheat strip, which may be more acceptable to producers, in reducing microbial transport was examined in this study. A 1.4 m wheat strip was used to allow direct comparison with experimental results obtained in previous studies. Beef cattle manure was applied to 0.75 m wide by 4.0 m long plots established on an Aksarben silty clay loam located in southeast Nebraska. Manure was added at rates required to meet the 0- 1-, 2-, or 4-year phosphorus requirement for corn. The transport of selected microbes was measured for three 30 min simulated rainfall events separated by 24 h intervals. The narrow wheat strip did not significantly reduce counts of any of the measured microbes. The application of manure to meet the 4-year P requirement resulted in and enterococci loads that were significantly greater than the 1-year P requirement. Rainfall simulation run significantly affected measurements of phages, total coliforms, , and enterococci, with measurements during the three runs varying from 9.35 to 10.9 log plaque-forming units (PFU) ha-1, from 11.5 to 12.1 log colony-forming units (CFU) ha-1, from 12.1 to 12.5 log CFU ha-1, and from 11.1 to 11.4 log CFU ha-1, respectively. The transport of was found to be significantly correlated to selected nutrient loads and electrical conductivity of runoff. The presence of narrow wheat strips did not reduce microbial loads in runoff. Keywords: Bacteria, Cattle manure, E. coli, Filter strips, Land application, Manure management, Manure runoff, Microbial, Microorganisms, Runoff.

Naturally rainfall-induced changes in runoff-associated nitrogen and phosphorus losses in purple soil area: roles of land disturbance and plot length

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ke Liang ◽  
Binghui He
Keyword(s):  
Rainfall Intensity ◽  
Purple Soil ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Dissolved Phosphorus ◽  
Land Disturbance ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Artificial Disturbance ◽  
Runoff Rate ◽  
Sloping Land

<p>Severe soil erosion occurs in southwestern China owing to the large expanses of human disturbance and sloping land. This field monitoring study was conducted during the rainy season to record the rainfall events, runoff, sediment yield, nitrogen, and phosphorous loss in 20-, 40-, and 60-m plots under conditions of artificial disturbance or natural restoration on a 15° slope in the purple soil area of southwestern China. The concentrations and loss amounts of total nitrogen (TN), total dissolved nitrogen (TDN), ammonium-nitrogen (NH4-N) and nitrate-nitrogen (NO<sub>3</sub>-N), total phosphorus (TP), total dissolved phosphorus (TDP) and orthophosphate (PO<sub>4</sub>-P) were comparatively determined. The highest N concentration was observed in long duration and soft rainfall events across all plots. The highest P concentration in artificial disturbed plots was found in long duration and intensive rainfall events while it was recordeds for measured variables were dominantly recorded under the long duration and lowest soft rainfall events in naturally restored plots intensity., while The the highest loss amounts for N and P in different forms for these variablesalmostmostly appeared under high rainfall intensity. Land disturbances differed orthophosphate PO<sub>4</sub>-P concentration in 20--m plot and and loss amounts of of measured variables N and P with different forms across in all plots. Plot lengths differed total dissolved phosphorus TDP concentration in natural restored plot and loss amounts of total dissolved nitrogenTDN and orthophosphate PO<sub>4</sub>-P in artificially disturbed plots. Naturally restoration reduced loss amounts of total nitrogen and total phosphorus by 69.4%62.14-79.05% and 79.28-83.43% TN, 68.8% TDN, 71.2% NH<sub>4</sub>-N, 74.3% NO<sub>3</sub>-N, 81.5% TP, 71.9% TDP and 70.0% PO<sub>4</sub>-P loss amounts comparedrelative to artificial disturbance, respectively. There were significant interrelationships among N and P concentrations in different forms in two land disturbance plots, while nitrate-NO<sub>3</sub>-nitrogenN concentration hadwas significantly negatively negative correlatedion with rainfall intensity and runoff rate in artificialally disturbanceed plots. Rainfall intensity was logarithmically correlated with TN, NO<sub>3</sub>-N concentrations in artificially disturbed plots and with NO<sub>3</sub>-N concentration in naturally restored plots. Runoff rate was logarithmically correlated with TN, TDN and NO<sub>3</sub>-N concentrations in artificially disturbed plots. Our results highlight the effects of land disturbance and plot length on nutrient losses in sloping land.</p>

Runoff Nutrient Transport As Affected By Land Application Method, Swine Growth Stage, And Runoff Rate

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
John E Gilley ◽  
S L Bartelt-Hunt ◽  
X Li ◽  
D B Marx ◽  
D D Snow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Stage ◽  
Nutrient Transport ◽  
Land Application ◽  
Application Method ◽  
Runoff Rate

Effect of feed characteristics on the organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus removal in an activated sludge system treating piggery slurry

2009 ◽  
Vol 60 (8) ◽  
pp. 2145-2152 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. González ◽  
P. A. García ◽  
R. Muñoz
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus Removal ◽  
Piggery Wastewater ◽  
Efficient Treatment ◽  
Swine Slurry ◽  
Dissolved Phosphorus ◽  
Natural Water Bodies

Piggery wastewater is characterized by its high content in nitrogen and phosphorus, as well as by a low C/N ratio. This type of wastewater is traditionally spread to croplands (with its subsequent leaching to groundwater) or rarely discharged into natural water bodies, which ultimately cause severe episodes of eutrophication in aquatic ecosystems. In this context, activated sludge systems constitute a robust and efficient treatment option. The performance of an activated sludge process using a pre-denitrification configuration treating both sieved and flocculated swine slurry at a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 7.7 days was evaluated. In order to avoid bacterial wash-out, sludge from the settler was recirculated to the anoxic tank to accomplish denitrification. Once the biomass was acclimatized, the reactor was fed with swine slurry containing 19, 2.6, and 0.27 g/L of total chemical oxygen demand (COD), total Kjeldhal nitrogen (TKN), and soluble P, respectively. Nitrogen removal showed a clear dependency on the influent composition. When the influent TKN/total COD and soluble COD/total COD ratios were respectively 0.12–0.15 and 0.7, the reactor exhibited good removal efficiencies (up to 99 and 91 for N-NH4+, TKN, respectively) while PO43− was removed up to 65%. However, when the influent TKN/total COD ratio rose to 0.26 and soluble COD/total COD decreased to 0.3, the denitrification process was severly hindered concomitant with and accumulation of nitrite. Nevertheless, organic matter degradation was not affected by influent composition. At the last stage of the experiment, removals of dissolved phosphorus fell to 40% when the redox potential (ORP) profile showed a constant value of −400 mV, likely due to phosphate released from bacterial slugde.

Vertical Stratification of Soil Phosphorus as a Concern for Dissolved Phosphorus Runoff in the Lake Erie Basin

2017 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 1287-1295 ◽  
Author(s):  
David B. Baker ◽  
Laura T. Johnson ◽  
Remegio B. Confesor ◽  
John P. Crumrine
Keyword(s):  
Lake Erie ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Vertical Stratification ◽  
Dissolved Phosphorus ◽  
Phosphorus Runoff

scholarly journals Microbial quality of runoff following land application of cattle manure and swine slurry

2005 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeanette A. Thurston-Enriquez ◽  
John E. Gilley ◽  
Bahman Eghball
Keyword(s):  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Heavy Precipitation ◽  
Land Application ◽  
Cattle Manure ◽  
Livestock Manure ◽  
Fecal Indicator ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Swine Slurry ◽  
Health Related

Concentrations of human health-related microorganisms in runoff from agricultural plots (0.75 m × 2 m) treated with fresh and aged cattle manure, swine slurry and no manure (control) were determined. Three consecutive simulated rainfall events, producing 35 mm rainfall and separated by 24 h, were carried out for each plot. Fecal indicator (Escherichia coli, enterococci, Clostridium perfringens and coliphage) loads released in rainfall runoff from plots treated with fresh cattle manure, aged cattle manure and swine slurry treatments ranged from 5.52 × 105 to 4.36 × 109, 3.92 × 104 to 4.86 × 108, and 9.63 × 105 to 3.05 × 108, respectively. Plot runoff concentrations of protozoa (Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts) ranged from 1.65 × 105 to 1.04 × 106, 2.93 × 103 to 2.75 × 105, and 9.12 × 104 to 3.58 × 106 for fresh cattle manure, aged cattle manure and swine slurry plot treatments, respectively. These results suggest that large microbial loads could be released via heavy precipitation events that produce runoff from livestock manure-applied agricultural fields, of even modest size, and could have a significant impact on water bodies within the watershed. Because of the lack of multiplication in the environment, highly elevated concentrations in manured land runoff, and correlation to protozoan parasite presence, Clostridium may be an alternative indicator for livestock manure contamination.

Influence of feedlot manure on reactive phosphorus in rainfall runoff during the transition from continuous to legacy phases

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
J.J. Miller ◽  
B.W. Beasley ◽  
M.L. Owen ◽  
C.F. Drury ◽  
D.S. Chanasyk
Keyword(s):  
Wood Chip ◽  
Continuous Phase ◽  
Land Application ◽  
Rainfall Simulation ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Runoff Water ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Reactive Phosphorus

Little research has compared land application of stockpiled (SM) or composted (CM) beef feedlot manure with straw (ST) or wood-chip (WD) bedding on loss of reactive phosphorus (RP) in runoff. We conducted a 6 yr (2013–2018) rainfall simulation-runoff study and utilized surface (0–5 cm) soil collected from a long-term (since 1998) field experiment on a clay loam soil in southern Alberta, Canada. The treatments consisted of SM or CM with ST or WD bedding applied at 13, 39, and 77 Mg·ha−1 (dry weight), as well as an unamended control and mineral fertilizer treatment. Surface soil was collected from all treatments after 15–17 (C15, C16, C17; 2013–2015) continual annual applications, and then 1–3 yr (L1–L3, 2016–2018) into the legacy phase after manure applications were first discontinued in 2015. The soil was packed into runoff trays, and flow-weighted mean concentrations (FWMCs) and mass loads of RP5 (<5 μm filter) in runoff water were determined during rainfall simulations. Our findings generally supported our null hypothesis of similar RP5 losses for manure type (CM = SM) and bedding (ST = WD) for most years. Successively higher application rates increased RP5 loss by 32%–121%. Termination of long-term applications dramatically reduced FWMCs by 58%–77% and mass loss by 56%–65% from the C17 to L3 years. This suggests an accumulation of soil P during continuous phase and depletion during legacy phase; therefore, lower application rates or termination of applications may reduce RP5 loss in runoff.

Influence of feedlot manure amendments on dissolved organic carbon in runoff during transition from continuous to legacy applications

2020 ◽  
Vol 100 (4) ◽  
pp. 440-452
Author(s):  
J.J. Miller ◽  
B.W. Beasley ◽  
M.L. Owen ◽  
X. Hao ◽  
C.F. Drury ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Dissolved Organic Carbon ◽  
Wood Chip ◽  
Mineral Fertilizer ◽  
Land Application ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Rainfall Simulation ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Runoff Water

Little research has compared land application of stockpiled (SM) or composted (CM) beef feedlot manure with straw (ST) or wood-chip (WD) bedding on loss of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in runoff. We conducted a 6 yr (2013–2018) rainfall simulation-runoff study and utilized surface (0–5 cm) soil collected from a long-term (since 1998) field experiment on a clay loam soil in southern Alberta, Canada. The treatments consisted of SM or CM with ST or WD bedding applied at 13, 39, and 77 Mg·ha−1 (dry weight), as well as an unamended control and mineral fertilizer treatment. Surface soil was collected from all treatments after 15–17 (C15, C16, and C17; 2013–2015) continual annual applications and then after one to three legacy years (L1–L3, 2016–2018) after manure applications were first discontinued in 2015. The soil was packed into runoff trays, and flow-weighted mean concentrations (FWMCs) and mass loads of DOC in runoff water were determined during rainfall simulations. Mean DOC losses were generally significantly (P ≤ 0.05) lower for CM with ST bedding compared with the other manure type – bedding treatments in certain years and were consistent with this amendment having the lowest total carbon (C) content. The total C content of the amendments explained 92% of the variation in DOC concentration. Termination of long-term manure applications reduced FWMCs by 85%–91% and mass loss by 76%–89% from the C17 to L3 year. Therefore, our findings suggested that composting manure with ST or discontinued long-term manure application may reduce DOC loss in runoff.

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