Small-Scale Biodiesel Production:A Case Study of On-Farm Economics

2014 ◽  
pp. 585-592
Keyword(s):  
Small Scale ◽  
On Farm ◽  
Farm Economics

Small-scale biodiesel production: a case study of on-farm economics

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel K Mullenix ◽  
Sushil Adhikari ◽  
Max Runge ◽  
Timothy P McDonald ◽  
Ahjeong Son ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
On Farm ◽  
Farm Economics

A case study on farm labour substitution in South Africa

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-134
Author(s):  
Jannie Rossouw
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Western Cape ◽  
Full Cost ◽  
Intensive Production ◽  
Production Techniques ◽  
On Farm ◽  
Capital Intensive

This paper reports a case study on labour substitution by a small-scale farmer on his farm in the Western Cape Province of South Africa that has been owned by descendants of the same family since the early 1800s. Production techniques used on the farm have moved from labour-intensive to capital-intensive. The first step towards mechanisation was taken early in 1988, when some of the farm workers did not return after their annual holidays and before the harvesting season. One of the decisive reasons for the change in production techniques was a labour strike during the harvesting season in 2000.An analysis of gross income and production costs in 2012/13, based on capitalintensive production, compared to assumed costs if the labour-intensive production techniques of 1984/85 had been retained, shows an annual saving of R95 101 (19,5%) in comparative production costs. Moreover, capital-intensive production protects the farm against the danger of strikes and therefore reduces production risks considerably. This research raises questions about (i) the morality of capital-intensive production; (ii) the full cost of labour, compared to the full cost of capital, when the risks of unreliable labour and of labour strikes are taken into consideration; and (iii) the risk of land expropriation.

A case study on the experiences of innovative, small-scale fish farmers in Malawi.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua M H S Valeta
Keyword(s):  
International Cooperation ◽  
Technical Support ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Master Plan ◽  
Plan Study ◽  
Phase Out ◽  
On Farm ◽  
Aquaculture Development ◽  
University Of Malawi

Abstract The Innovative Fish Farmers Network Trust (IFFNT) comprising of 25 farmers was established as part of the Master Plan Study on Aquaculture Development in Malawi (ADiM) with funds from the Japanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA) in 2004. ADiM aimed at promoting aquaculture development by establishing model farmers through financial and technical support from JICA and the Department of Fisheries (DoF). Farmers attended training facilitated by Bunda College, University of Malawi, and farmer exchange and study tours to Zambia and Egypt. They also received small grants to implement pilot on-farm projects. Production increased from about 0.7 tons/ha/year in 2003, to over 2 tons/ha/year in 2005. Other farmers adopted the technologies. However, as ADiM phased out in 2006, IFFNT became dormant. Its linkages with DoF weakened. There was no proper phase out strategy. Both ADiM and DoF needed to facilitate IFFNT until it was properly established; a change that should be adopted in any future IFFNT facilitation.

DECENTRALIZED ON-FARM SEED POTATO PRODUCTION FROM PRE-BASIC MINITUBERS: A CASE STUDY FROM NEPAL

1998 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 487-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. SCHULZ ◽  
G. J. WELLS ◽  
B. K. BANIYA ◽  
T. P. BARAKOTI ◽  
G. KHAREL ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solanum Tuberosum ◽  
Seed Potato ◽  
Potato Production ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Seed Potato Production ◽  
Southern Plains ◽  
Small Scale Farmers ◽  
On Farm ◽  
Basic Seed

The on-farm performance of more than 150 000 pre-basic potato (Solanum tuberosum) minitubers of 1–10 g was monitored over two years in contrasting environments in Nepal. Average minituber productivity (grams of basic seed produced per minituber planted) was 171 g in the southern plains and 116 g in the hills. Although the performance of minitubers varied between environments, minituber sizes and potato varieties, the overall results clearly indicated that minitubers can be successfully multiplied by small-scale farmers. This technology therefore allows for the highly decentralized production of basic seed which, in turn, will reduce farmers' dependence on an unreliable and costly supply of bulky conventional seed.

Multilingualism in eastern Indonesia: linguistic evidence of a shift from symmetric to asymmetric multilingualism

2021 ◽  
pp. 136700692110231
Author(s):  
Francesca Romana Moro
Keyword(s):  
Language Contact ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Modelling Language ◽  
Apparent Paradox ◽  
Eastern Indonesia ◽  
Communicative Strategies ◽  
Linguistic Evidence ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Bilingual Communities

Aims and Objectives/Purpose/Research Questions: The Alorese in eastern Indonesia are an Austronesian community who have inhabited two Papuan-speaking islands for approximately 600 years. Their language presents a paradox: contact with the neighbouring Papuan languages has led to both complexification and simplification. This article argues that these opposite outcomes of contact result from two distinct scenarios, and formulates a hypothesis about a shift in multilingual patterns in Alorese history. Design/Methodology/Approach: To formulate a hypothesis about the discontinuity of multilingual patterns, this article first sketches the past and present multilingual patterns of the Alorese by modelling language contact outcomes in terms of bilingual optimisation strategies. This is followed by a comparison of the two scenarios to pinpoint similarities and differences. Data and Analysis: Previous research shows that two types of contact phenomena are attested in Alorese: (a) complexification arising from grammatical borrowings from Papuan languages, and (b) morphological simplification. The first change is associated with prolonged child bilingualism and is the result of Papuan-oriented bilingual strategies, while the latter change is associated with adult second language (L2) learning and is the result of universal communicative strategies. Findings/Conclusions Complexification and simplification are the results of two different layers of contact. Alorese was first used in small-scale bilingual communities, with widespread symmetric multilingualism. Later, multilingualism became more asymmetric, and the language started to undergo a simplification process due to the considerable number of L2 speakers. Originality: This article is innovative in providing a clear case study showing discontinuity of multilingual patterns, supported by linguistic and non-linguistic evidence. Significance/Implications: This article provides a plausible explanation for the apparent paradox found in Alorese, by showing that different outcomes of contact in the same language are due to different patterns of acquisition and socialisation. This discontinuity should be taken into account by models of language contact.

scholarly journals Photovoltaics Enabling Sustainable Energy Communities: Technological Drivers and Emerging Markets

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 1862
Author(s):  
Alexandros-Georgios Chronis ◽  
Foivos Palaiogiannis ◽  
Iasonas Kouveliotis-Lysikatos ◽  
Panos Kotsampopoulos ◽  
Nikos Hatziargyriou
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Energy Market ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Local Energy ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Open Research ◽  
Energy Community

In this paper, we investigate the economic benefits of an energy community investing in small-scale photovoltaics (PVs) when local energy trading is operated amongst the community members. The motivation stems from the open research question on whether a community-operated local energy market can enhance the investment feasibility of behind-the-meter small-scale PVs installed by energy community members. Firstly, a review of the models, mechanisms and concepts required for framing the relevant concepts is conducted, while a clarification of nuances at important terms is attempted. Next, a tool for the investigation of the economic benefits of operating a local energy market in the context of an energy community is developed. We design the local energy market using state-of-the-art formulations, modified according to the requirements of the case study. The model is applied to an energy community that is currently under formation in a Greek municipality. From the various simulations that were conducted, a series of generalizable conclusions are extracted.

scholarly journals Roles, relationships and emotions: Student teachers’ understanding of feedback as interpersonal

2021 ◽  
pp. 003452372198937
Author(s):  
Caroline Elbra-Ramsay
Keyword(s):  
Teacher Education ◽  
Student Teachers ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
First Year ◽  
Case Study Methodology ◽  
Study Methodology ◽  
Undergraduate Programme ◽  
Phenomenological Case Study ◽  
International Teacher

This paper reports the findings of a small-scale study seeking to investigate how student teachers, within a three-year undergraduate programme, understand feedback. Feedback has been central to debates and discussion in the assessment literature in recent years. Hence, in this paper, feedback is positioned within the often-contradictory discourses of assessment, including perspectives on student and teacher feedback. The study focused on two first year undergraduate student teachers at a small university in England and considered the relationships between their understanding of feedback as a student, their understanding of feedback as an emerging teacher, and the key influences shaping these understandings. A phenomenological case study methodology was employed with interviews as the prime method of data collection. Themes emerged as part of an Nvivo analysis, including emotional responses, relationships and dialogue, all of which appear to have impacted on the students’ conceptual understanding of feedback as indelibly shaped by its interpersonal and affective, rather than purely cognitive or ideational, dimensions. The paper therefore seeks to contribute to the wider feedback discourse by offering an analysis of empirical data. Although situated within English teacher education, there are tentative conclusions that are applicable to international teacher education and as well as higher education more generally.

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