scholarly journals Maximizing Processing Value with Selective Handling Strategies: An Analysis of Soybeans Received at Iowa Elevators

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 583-594
Author(s):  
Bennett E. Barr ◽  
Charles R. Hurburgh ◽  
Gretchen A. Mosher
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Processing Plant ◽  
List Type ◽  
Random Errors ◽  
Measurement Instruments ◽  
Market System ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Grain Elevators ◽  
Sources Of Error ◽  
Soybean Processing

Highlights Levels of protein and oil influence the marketability of soybeans Geographic differences in soybeans have economic implications for grain elevators Random errors in the receiving and analysis process mask these differences For soybeans to be marketed on protein and oil levels, errors in handling and analysis must be addressed Abstract . A better ability to understand and use geographic variations in protein and oil is one way to maximize the value potential of soybeans for handlers and processors. An Iowa cooperative had been sourcing soybeans for processing from nearby elevator locations and wanted to know whether this strategy was maximizing the net processing value of the soybeans. Random and systematic errors from testing and measurement instruments also impact marketing decisions and were investigated as part of this project. During the Fall 2018 soybean harvest, soybean samples were collected from 32 country elevator locations belonging to one Iowa-based cooperative which has its own soybean processing plant. Samples were analyzed using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR), and protein and oil content data were entered into an Estimated Processing Value (EPV) model to determine value differences of soybeans among elevator locations. Results showed substantial variability among locations that represented a $0.23/bushel EPV spread. No significant variation was found in soybean quality over the harvest season, suggesting that marketing decisions can be made at the beginning of the season. To determine the incidence of random errors, a simulated Excel-based model was used with three test cases. The introduction of random error lowered value gaps between locations, which made the discrimination of high-value locations from average or low-value locations difficult. Although protein and oil measurement with the NIR instrument was feasible even on busy harvest season days, the validity of marketing decisions using these data depended highly on the error involved in sample analysis. Future studies should identify specific sources of error and attempt to eliminate them. Specifically, one of the largest sources of error in a commodity-based market system is in the measuring units. The ability to isolate and quantify measurement error will improve the capability of the commodity-based soybean market system to focus trade decisions on end use traits, maximizing soybean value and providing incentive for improvement. Keywords: Error analysis, Grain elevators, Selective handling, Soybean processing, Soybean value.

Long-Length Fiber Optic Near-Infrared (NIR) Spectroscopy Probes for On-Line Quality Control of Processed Land Animal Proteins

2018 ◽  
Vol 72 (8) ◽  
pp. 1170-1182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Garrido-Varo ◽  
Ana Sánchez-Bonilla ◽  
Francisco Maroto-Molina ◽  
Cecilia Riccioli ◽  
Dolores Pérez-Marín
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Fiber Optic ◽  
Nir Spectroscopy ◽  
Conveyor Belt ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Processing Plant ◽  
Fiber Optic Cable ◽  
Operating Modes ◽  
On Line ◽  
Dynamic Operating

This research was conducted using a spectral database comprising 346 samples of processed animal proteins (PAPs) with a range of compositions, analyzed using a Fourier transform near-infrared spectroscopy multichannel instrument (Matrix-F, Bruker Optics) coupled to a 100 m fiber optic cable. Using both its static and dynamic operating modes (on a conveyor belt), simulating the movement of the product in the plant, the predictive capabilities of both modes of analysis were assessed and compared, for the purposes of predicting moisture, protein, and ashes. The results show that both exhibit highly similar degrees of precision and accuracy for predicting these parameters. This research provides a foundation of scientific-technical knowledge, hitherto unknown, regarding the “on-line” incorporation of an instrument (equipped with a 100 m fiber optic cable) into a processing plant of by-products of animal origin.

scholarly journals 4 Years of Radio to X-ray Observations of 3C 273

1989 ◽  
Vol 134 ◽  
pp. 112-113
Author(s):  
T.J.-L. Courvoisier ◽  
E. I. Robson ◽  
A. Blecha ◽  
P. Bouchet
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Optical Emission ◽  
Light Curves ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
List Type ◽  
Type Number ◽  
Rapid Variability ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Model Independent ◽  
Ir Emission

The quasar 3C273 has been repeatedly observed at radio, mm, IR, optical, UV and X-ray frequencies since December 1983. A complex pattern of continuum variations has been discovered, which can be used to provide model independent physical parameters, and to constrain different models. The main features revealed by our set of observations are: (i)A flux decrease by 40% in the 2–10 kev flux in 20 days in early 1984 (Courvoisier et al. 1987).(ii)Differences between the X-ray light curves at 0.5 keV and 2–10 keV.(iii)A drop in the mm to mid-IR emission by factors 2–4 in early 1986, while the near infrared flux remained stable (Robson et al. 1986).(iv)A decrease in the ultraviolet intensity of ∼40% in about 6 months in 1987 (Ulrich, Courvoisier and Wamsteker 1988).(v)Rapid variability in the infrared and optical emission on timescales as short as one day in 1988 (Courvoisier et al. 1988 and Robson, Courvoisier and Bouchet this conference).

scholarly journals Diffuse optical reconstructions of fNIRS data using Maximum Entropy on the Mean

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhengchen Cai ◽  
Alexis Machado ◽  
Rasheda Arman Chowdhury ◽  
Amanda Spilkin ◽  
Thomas Vincent ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Entropy ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Optical Tomography ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Reconstruction Method ◽  
List Type ◽  
Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Concentration Changes ◽  
Weighting Strategy ◽  
The Mean

AbstractFunctional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) measures the hemoglobin concentration changes associated with neuronal activity. Diffuse optical tomography (DOT) consists of reconstructing the optical density changes measured from scalp channels to the oxy-/deoxy-hemoglobin (i.e., HbO/HbR) concentration changes within the cortical regions. In the present study, we adapted a nonlinear source localization method developed and validated in the context of Electro- and Magneto-Encephalography (EEG/MEG): the Maximum Entropy on the Mean (MEM), to solve the inverse problem of DOT reconstruction. We first introduced depth weighting strategy within the MEM framework for DOT reconstruction to avoid biasing the reconstruction results of DOT towards superficial regions. We also proposed a new initialization of the MEM model improving the temporal accuracy of the original MEM framework. To evaluate MEM performance and compare with widely used depth weighted Minimum Norm Estimate (MNE) inverse solution, we applied a realistic simulation scheme which contained 4000 simulations generated by 250 different seeds at different locations and 4 spatial extents ranging from 3 to 40cm2 along the cortical surface. Our results showed that overall MEM provided more accurate DOT reconstructions than MNE. Moreover, we found that MEM was remained particularly robust in low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) conditions. The proposed method was further illustrated by comparing to functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) activation maps, on real data involving finger tapping tasks with two different montages. The results showed that MEM provided more accurate HbO and HbR reconstructions in spatial agreement with the main fMRI cluster, when compared to MNE.HighlightsWe introduced a new fNIRS reconstruction method - Maximum Entropy on the Mean.We implemented depth weighting strategy within the MEM framework.We improved the temporal accuracy of the original MEM reconstruction.Performances of MEM and MNE were evaluated with realistic simulations and real data.MEM provided more accurate and robust reconstructions than MNE.

scholarly journals Retrieval algorithm for CO<sub>2</sub> and CH<sub>4</sub> column abundances from short-wavelength infrared spectral observations by the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 4791-4833 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Yoshida ◽  
Y. Ota ◽  
N. Eguchi ◽  
N. Kikuchi ◽  
K. Nobuta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Short Wavelength ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Optimal Estimation ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Retrieval Algorithm ◽  
Random Errors ◽  
Cloud Detection

Abstract. The Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT) was launched on 23 January 2009 to monitor the global distributions of carbon dioxide and methane from space. It has operated continuously since then. Here we describe a retrieval algorithm for column abundances of these gases from the short-wavelength infrared spectra obtained by the Thermal And Near infrared Sensor for carbon Observation-Fourier Transform Spectrometer (TANSO-FTS). The algorithm consists of three steps. First, cloud-free observational scenes are selected by several cloud-detection methods. Then, column abundances of carbon dioxide and methane are retrieved based on the optimal estimation method. Finally, the retrieval quality is examined to exclude low-quality and/or aerosol-contaminated results. Most of the retrieval random errors come from the instrumental noise. The interferences by auxiliary parameters retrieved simultaneously with gas abundances are small. The evaluated precisions of the retrieved column abundances for single observations are less than 1% in most cases. The interhemispherical differences and the temporal variation patterns of the retrieved column abundances agree well with the current state of knowledge.

“Insight” into Drug Quality: Comparison of Simvastatin Tablets from the US and Canada Obtained via the Internet

2007 ◽  
Vol 41 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 1111-1115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A Veronin ◽  
Eunah Lee ◽  
E Neil Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Innovator Product ◽  
Drug Products ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Us ◽  
Blend Uniformity

Background: Recently, there has been much debate in the US concerning drug importation from Canadian Internet pharmacies. The Food and Drug Administration and US drug manufacturers assert that drugs obtained from international markets via the Internet present a health risk to consumers from substandard products. The public's perception is that drugs from Canada are as safe as those from the US. Objective: To determine whether simvastatin tablets obtained via the Internet from Canadian generic manufacturers are comparable in blend uniformity, a major attribute of tablet quality, with the US innovator product. Methods: Generic simvastatin tablets from 4 Canadian Internet pharmacy Web sites and the US innovator product were obtained for pharmaceutical analysis, Tablet samples were analyzed using near-infrared spectroscopic imaging techniques, which are designed to detect formulation defects of drug products during the manufacturing process. Digital images were created, revealing the tablets’ internal structures. Results: The blend uniformity of the active pharmaceutical ingredient in the tablet samples from Canada was determined and compared with that of the US innovator product. Results indicated that there is little significant difference in blend uniformity among US innovator and Canadian generic tablets. Conclusions: Results of this study suggest comparable quality assurance manufacturing standards for the US innovator product and the Canadian generic drug products tested. These findings have clinical, legal, and economic implications that should be addressed by policy makers to safeguard consumers who choose to purchase Canadian-manufactured drugs via the Internet.

scholarly journals Rapid Estimation of Column-Averaged CO2 Concentration Using a Correlation Algorithm

2010 ◽  
Vol 27 (12) ◽  
pp. 2002-2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Polonsky ◽  
D. M. O’Brien
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Simulated Data ◽  
Simple Algorithm ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Linear Interpolation ◽  
Random Errors ◽  
Correlation Algorithm ◽  
Large Ensembles ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Physical Reasons

Abstract Measurement of XCO2, the column-averaged mole fraction of CO2, using reflected sunlight in the near-infrared bands of CO2, is strongly influenced by photons that are scattered in the atmosphere because scattering can either decrease or increase the mean pathlength compared with the direct path from the sun to the surface to the satellite. A very simple algorithm that can be used to compensate for the errors introduced by scattering is presented. The algorithm is based on the observation that the apparent optical path differences in selected pairs of channels in the weak CO2 band at 1.6 μm and the O2 A band at 0.76 μm are tightly correlated for large ensembles of scattering atmospheres. The number of tightly correlated pairs of channels is many hundreds for the bands measured by NASA’s Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO). The physical reasons for the correlation are that the mean photon pathlengths are comparable for the members of each pair of channels, and that the extinction profiles vary similarly with height. For atmospheres with modest scattering optical thickness (less than 0.3), the slope and the intercept of the linear correlation for any pair depends weakly on the surface reflectance, the surface pressure, and the viewing geometry. Through numerical simulations the slope and intercept may be parameterized simply in terms of these variables. Thereafter, the task of retrieving XCO2 from measured spectra may be reduced to linear interpolation in precomputed tables of slopes and intercepts. Results with simulated data for NASA’s OCO satellite are presented, and random errors and biases are investigated. Although OCO did not reach orbit, the method is applicable to any instrument that operates using similar principles [such as those on the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT) and the replacement satellite OCO-2].

scholarly journals Remote sensing of near-infrared chlorophyll fluorescence from space in scattering atmospheres: implications for its retrieval and interferences with atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> retrievals

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (8) ◽  
pp. 2081-2094 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Frankenberg ◽  
C. O'Dell ◽  
L. Guanter ◽  
J. McDuffie
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Fluorescence ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Oxygen Absorption ◽  
Random Errors ◽  
Solar Absorption ◽  
Systematic Biases ◽  
Gas Space ◽  
Absorption Features

Abstract. With the advent of dedicated greenhouse gas space-borne spectrometers sporting high resolution spectra in the O2 A-band spectral region (755–774 nm), the retrieval of chlorophyll fluorescence has become feasible on a global scale. If unaccounted for, however, fluorescence can indirectly perturb the greenhouse gas retrievals as it perturbs the oxygen absorption features. As atmospheric CO2 measurements are used to invert net fluxes at the land–atmosphere interface, a bias caused by fluorescence can be crucial as it will spatially correlate with the fluxes to be inverted. Avoiding a bias and retrieving fluorescence accurately will provide additional constraints on both the net and gross fluxes in the global carbon cycle. We show that chlorophyll fluorescence, if neglected, systematically interferes with full-physics multi-band XCO2 retrievals using the O2 A-band. Systematic biases in XCO2 can amount to +1 ppm if fluorescence constitutes 1% to the continuum level radiance. We show that this bias can be largely eliminated by simultaneously fitting fluorescence in a full-physics based retrieval. If fluorescence is the primary target, a dedicated but very simple retrieval based purely on Fraunhofer lines is shown to be more accurate and very robust even in the presence of large scattering optical depths. We find that about 80% of the surface fluorescence is retained at the top-of-atmosphere, even for cloud optical thicknesses around 2–5. We further show that small instrument modifications to future O2 A-band spectrometer spectral ranges can result in largely reduced random errors in chlorophyll fluorescence, paving the way towards a more dedicated instrument exploiting solar absorption features only.

scholarly journals Pre-launch calibration results of the TROPOMI payload on-board the Sentinel 5 Precursor satellite

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quintus Kleipool ◽  
Antje Ludewig ◽  
Ljubiša Babic ◽  
Rolf Bartstra ◽  
Remco Braak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Imaging System ◽  
Spectral Band ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Radiometric Calibration ◽  
Random Errors ◽  
Synchronous Orbit ◽  
Shortwave Infrared ◽  
Ground Calibration

Abstract. The Sentinel 5 precursor satellite was successfully launched on 13th October 2017, carrying the Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument TROPOMI as its single payload. TROPOMI is the next generation atmospheric sounding instrument, continuing the successes of GOME, SCIAMACHY, OMI and OMPs, with higher spatial resolution, improved sensitivity and extended wavelength range. The instrument contains four spectrometers, divided over two modules sharing a common telescope, measuring the ultraviolet, visible, near-infrared and shortwave infrared reflectance of the Earth. The imaging system enables daily global coverage using a push-broom configuration, with a spatial resolution as low as 7 × 3.5 km2 in nadir from a Sun-synchronous orbit at 824 km and an equator crossing time of 13:30 local solar time. This article reports the pre-launch calibration status of the TROPOMI payload as derived from the on-ground calibration effort. Stringent requirements are imposed on the quality of on-ground calibration in order to match the high sensitivity of the instrument. In case that the systematic errors that originate from the calibration exceed the random errors in the observations, the scientific products may be compromised. A new methodology has been employed during the analysis of the obtained calibration measurements to ensure the consistency and validity of the calibration. This was achieved by using the production grade Level 0 to 1b data processor in a closed-loop validation setup. Using this approach the consistency between the calibration and the L1b product could be established, as well as confidence in the obtained calibration result. This article introduces this novel calibration approach, and describes all relevant calibrated instrument properties as they were derived before launch of the mission. For most of the relevant properties compliancy with the requirements could be established, including the knowledge of the instrument spectral and spatial response functions, and the absolute radiometric calibration. Partial compliancy was established for the straylight correction; especially the out-of-spectral-band correction for the NIR channel needs further validation. Incompliance was reported for the relative radiometric calibration of the Sun port diffusers. These latter two subjects will be addressed during the in-flight commissioning phase in the first 6 months following launch.

Abstract 2779: Two- Dimentional Imaging Of Lipids Deposited In The Coronary Plaques By Near-infrared Fluorescence Angioscopy

Circulation ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 116 (suppl_16) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasumi Uchida
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Arterial Wall ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Vascular Wall ◽  
List Type ◽  
Lipid Deposition ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Deep Layers

Background: The lipids deposited deep in the vascular wall are hardly detectable by any available imaging modalities including IVUS and OCT. Since near-infrared (NIR) light penetrates relatively deeply into the tissues, we devised a near-infrared fluorescence angioscope (NIRFA) for two dimensional imaging of lipids deposited even in deep layers of vascular wall. Aim: To examine feasibility of NIRFA for imaging of lipids in coronary arterial wall in man. Methods: NIRFA is composed of a quartz fiberscope incorporated in 5F balloon catheter, fluorescence exciter, fluorescence emitter, ICCD and recorder. NIR exciter filter of 710nm and emitter filter of 780nm were employed since among the major 30 substances composing atherosclerotic plaques, free cholesterol and cholesteryl esters alone exhibit NIR autofluorescence while oxLDL and TG not. In vitro study: Coronary artery removed from human cadaver was perfused with saline and an angioscope was introduced into it for imaging of lipids and the obtained NIR images were compared with histology. Clinical study: During routine coronary angiography, lipid deposition in the coronary artery was surveyed by NIRFA in 7 patients with coronary artery disease. Results: In vitro study. Coronary segments without lipid deposition by histology did not exhibit autofluorescence. Those with lipid deposition by histology, the lipids deposited within 700μm in depth from luminal surface exhibited autofluorescence. Deposited lipids not forming lipid pool exhibited strong and homogenous autofluorescence. Lipid pool exhibited no or weak autofluorescence surrounded by strong ones, indicating it is filled with oxLDL and/or TG. Clinical study. Autofluorescence was frequently detected not only in yellow plaques but also in white plaques by conventional angioscopy and hard plaques by IVUS. Also, autofluorescence was frequently detected in apparently normal coronary segments. Conclusion: The results indicate that this NIRFA is feasible for two dimensional imaging of lipids deposited even in deep layers of coronary arterial wall which are not detectable by conventional angioscopy, OCT and IVUS.

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