Effect of Vane Shape on Fertilizer Distribution for a Dual-Disc Spinner Spreader

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 743-751
Author(s):  
John P Fulton ◽  
Ravinder K Thaper ◽  
Simerjeet S Virk ◽  
Timothy McDonald ◽  
Oladiran Fasina
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Material Flow ◽  
Flow Behavior ◽  
The Other ◽  
Particle Rotation ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Collection Device ◽  
Constant Height ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Effective Spread

Abstract.Spinner-disc spreaders are commonly used for application of granular fertilizers with components (divider, spinner-discs, and vanes) influencing material flow behavior and distribution. Fertilizer ricocheting off these components is an uncontrolled aspect of material flow that negatively impacts spread uniformity. Therefore, an investigation using potash (KCl) was conducted to understand the impact of vane shape on fertilizer flow, ricocheting and distribution for a dual-disc spinner spreader. Four different vane shapes were used in this study. The first two vanes (Vanes 1 and 2) were common to this type of spinner spreader with a tapered and open-faced design. However, Vane 1 had a forward tapered top edge at an angle of 32° while Vane 2 had a top edge that was tapered backwards at 15°. Vanes 3 and 4 both had C-channel cross sections with Vane 3 tapered from inside out but Vane 4 had a constant height. Treatments included application rates of 220 and 440 kg/ha using three spinner disc speeds (600, 700, and 800 rpm). Stationary tests were conducted using a collection device that mounted around the spinner discs and vanes in order to estimate fertilizer particle exit points off the vanes. Standard pan tests were conducted to characterize resulting spread patterns, effective spread width, and spread uniformity. Results indicated that the level of ricocheting was significantly impacted by top edge design of a vane and increased with disc speed. The forward, upward facing top edge of Vane 1 caused on average, 26% of the material flow to be ricocheted by the vanes thereby inducing an uncontrolled nature of spread. However, the rearward facing top edge of Vane 2 reduced ricocheting by 13% plus generated a backward particle rotation for those contacting it. The majority of ricocheting occurred when particles contacted the vanes compared to the spinner discs. Ricocheting generated an uncontrollable aspect of the spread pattern with these particles applied along the centerline of the spreader. The effective spread width increased with disc speed. All four vane shapes generated equal effective spread widths of 18.3 and 21.3 m at 600 and 700 rpm, respectively. However, at 800 rpm, Vane 4 generated the greatest effective spread width of 24.4 m compared to 22.9 m for the other three vanes. The wider spread width for Vane 4 was contributed to the rectangular U cross-section maximizing the horizontal velocity of potash particles when exiting the vanes compared to the other three, more open faced vanes. Finally, the spread uniformity varied by vane shape with Vane 2 consistently generating the lowest CVs. Keywords: Distribution, Ricocheting, Vane Design, Spread uniformity, pattern.

Effect of Deterministic Asperity Geometry on Hydrodynamic Lubrication

2004 ◽  
Vol 126 (3) ◽  
pp. 527-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ravinder B. Siripuram ◽  
Lyndon S. Stephens
Keyword(s):  
Friction Coefficient ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Numerical Study ◽  
Hydrodynamic Lubrication ◽  
Leakage Rate ◽  
Area Fraction ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Constant Height ◽  
Sectional Shape ◽  
The Impact

This paper presents a numerical study of the effects of different shapes of deterministic microasperities in sliding surface lubrication when hydrodynamic films are found. Positive (protruding) and negative (recessed) asperities of constant height (depth) are considered with circular, square, diamond, hexagonal and triangular cross-sections. Of particular interest is the impact of asperity/cavity cross-sectional geometry on friction and leakage, which has importance in sealing applications. The results indicate that the friction coefficient is insensitive to asperity/cavity shape, but quite sensitive to the size of the cross-section. By contrast, leakage rates are found to be quite sensitive to both cross-sectional shape and size, with triangular asperities giving the smallest leakage rate and square asperities giving a largest leakage rate. The minimum coefficient of friction for all shapes is found to occur at an asperity area fraction of 0.2 for positive asperities and 0.7 for negative asperities. Finally, the results indicate the existence of a critical asperity area fraction where the performance curves for positive and negative asperities cross over. These cross-over points are identified for friction coefficient and leakage rate.

scholarly journals Material stocks and flows of extensive cattle production

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 101-107
Author(s):  
Szilárd Kádár
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resource ◽  
Material Flow ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Flow Analysis ◽  
Material Flow Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Adult Cattle ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Impact

The current climate change and population boom is the result of the technical developments that aroused by the industrial revolution and the Second Word War. The food shortage arising from that steadily increase poses several problem for agriculture which is exacerbated by the ineffectual operation of the food processing industry. To cover the required amount of food leads higher greenhouse gas emission than CO2 like CH4 and N2O. Considering this fact I kept it important to find a solution that can be inserted in our countries facility and which is independent from soil usage. The importance of the cattle breeding sector is that it doesn’t require those agricultural lands which could also serve human’s need. I will examine the impact of the extensive cattle with material flow analysis, which is able to show the flows of the specific materials in a given place and in a given time. This calculation is not used count with the pollution and economic factors of the materials. According to my survey the results show that the examined farms needs 4,72; 4,64; 0,24 kg of material stock per one kg of meat to maintain the production. This production needs average 10-13 kg of dry matter input, of which major content is grass. As an unintended emission CO2 emission is also generated: The generated amount of CO2 depends on the Farm structure: in average 11,32; 16,02; 16,76 kg CO2 / meat kg. To make comparable results it demands weighted averages. That means to make material flow analysis result like feed intake and CO2 emission needs to be weighted with the time which is needed for the production. It can be claimed that the total CO2 emission of an adult cattle is over 30 kg per one kg of meat, and there are no methods to decrease it. But on the other hand the usage of stocks can be reduced by different methods. The first is the number of the livestock could be increased because it will also increase the efficiency of natural resource usage. On the other hand we can help the farms to co-operate with each other. It allows them to share their stocks. And the last solution is to make multifunctional farms which can produce plants and animals at the same time. Despite of the high rate of productions’ CO2 emission it is still competitive against intensive cattle, owing to the low rate of natural resource requirements

Electron Irradiation Effects in Polyoxymethylene Crystals Grown Inside Trioxane Crystals

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 78-79
Author(s):  
J. P. Colson ◽  
D. H. Reneker
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
The Other ◽  
Electron Micrograph ◽  
Irradiation Effects ◽  
Threefold Axis ◽  
Typical Sample ◽  
Polymer Crystals ◽  
Chain Axis

Polyoxymethylene (POM) crystals grow inside trioxane crystals which have been irradiated and heated to a temperature slightly below their melting point. Figure 1 shows a low magnification electron micrograph of a group of such POM crystals. Detailed examination at higher magnification showed that three distinct types of POM crystals grew in a typical sample. The three types of POM crystals were distinguished by the direction that the polymer chain axis in each crystal made with respect to the threefold axis of the trioxane crystal. These polyoxymethylene crystals were described previously.At low magnifications the three types of polymer crystals appeared as slender rods. One type had a hexagonal cross section and the other two types had rectangular cross sections, that is, they were ribbonlike.

Investigation on the control of multiphase flow behavior in a continuous casting tundish during ladle change

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (6) ◽  
pp. 619
Author(s):  
Rui Xu ◽  
Haitao Ling ◽  
Haijun Wang ◽  
Lizhong Chang ◽  
Shengtao Qiu
Keyword(s):  
Multiphase Flow ◽  
Flow Behavior ◽  
Rolled Strip ◽  
Impact Zone ◽  
Steel Cleanliness ◽  
Carry Over ◽  
Slag Carry Over ◽  
Hot Rolled ◽  
Turbulence Inhibitor ◽  
The Impact

The transient multiphase flow behavior in a single-strand tundish during ladle change was studied using physical modeling. The water and silicon oil were employed to simulate the liquid steel and slag. The effect of the turbulence inhibitor on the slag entrainment and the steel exposure during ladle change were evaluated and discussed. The effect of the slag carry-over on the water-oil-air flow was also analyzed. For the original tundish, the top oil phase in the impact zone was continuously dragged into the tundish bath and opened during ladle change, forming an emulsification phenomenon. By decreasing the liquid velocities in the upper part of the impact zone, the turbulence inhibitor decreased considerably the amount of entrained slag and the steel exposure during ladle change, thereby eliminating the emulsification phenomenon. Furthermore, the use of the TI-2 effectively lowered the effect of the slag carry-over on the steel cleanliness by controlling the movement of slag droplets. The results from industrial trials indicated that the application of the TI-2 reduced considerably the number of linear inclusions caused by ladle change in hot-rolled strip coils.

Modernism, Empiricism, and Rationalism

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-47
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Squires
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Modern Poetry ◽  
Philosophical Perspective ◽  
Irish Poetry ◽  
Dimensional Spectrum ◽  
Culture History ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Rule Out

Modernism is usually defined historically as the composite movement at the beginning of the twentieth century which led to a radical break with what had gone before in literature and the other arts. Given the problems of the continuing use of the concept to cover subsequent writing, this essay proposes an alternative, philosophical perspective which explores the impact of rationalism (what we bring to the world) on the prevailing empiricism (what we take from the world) of modern poetry, which leads to a concern with consciousness rather than experience. This in turn involves a re-conceptualisation of the lyric or narrative I, of language itself as a phenomenon, and of other poetic themes such as nature, culture, history, and art. Against the background of the dominant empiricism of modern Irish poetry as presented in Crotty's anthology, the essay explores these ideas in terms of a small number of poets who may be considered modernist in various ways. This does not rule out modernist elements in some other poets and the initial distinction between a poetics of experience and one of consciousness is better seen as a multi-dimensional spectrum that requires further, more detailed analysis than is possible here.

HOME VISITS DURING THE FIRST MONTH OF DELIVERY FOR RECENTLY DELIVERED WOMEN IN UTTAR PRADESH, INDIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 1183-1189
Author(s):  
Dr. Tridibesh Tripathy ◽  
Dr. Umakant Prusty ◽  
Dr. Chintamani Nayak ◽  
Dr. Rakesh Dwivedi ◽  
Dr. Mohini Gautam
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
National Level ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
The Other ◽  
Registration System ◽  
Action Group ◽  
Current Article ◽  
The Impact

The current article of Uttar Pradesh (UP) is about the ASHAs who are the daughters-in-law of a family that resides in the same community that they serve as the grassroots health worker since 2005 when the NRHM was introduced in the Empowered Action Group (EAG) states. UP is one such Empowered Action Group (EAG) state. The current study explores the actual responses of Recently Delivered Women (RDW) on their visits during the first month of their recent delivery. From the catchment area of each of the 250 ASHAs, two RDWs were selected who had a child in the age group of 3 to 6 months during the survey. The response profiles of the RDWs on the post- delivery first month visits are dwelled upon to evolve a picture representing the entire state of UP. The relevance of the study assumes significance as detailed data on the modalities of postnatal visits are available but not exclusively for the first month period of their recent delivery. The details of the post-delivery first month period related visits are not available even in large scale surveys like National Family Health Survey 4 done in 2015-16. The current study gives an insight in to these visits with a five-point approach i.e. type of personnel doing the visit, frequency of the visits, visits done in a particular week from among those four weeks separately for the three visits separately. The current study is basically regarding the summary of this Penta approach for the post- delivery one-month period.     The first month period after each delivery deals with 70% of the time of the postnatal period & the entire neonatal period. Therefore, it does impact the Maternal Mortality Rate & Ratio (MMR) & the Neonatal Mortality Rates (NMR) in India and especially in UP through the unsafe Maternal & Neonatal practices in the first month period after delivery. The current MM Rate of UP is 20.1 & MM Ratio is 216 whereas the MM ratio is 122 in India (SRS, 2019). The Sample Registration System (SRS) report also mentions that the Life Time Risk (LTR) of a woman in pregnancy is 0.7% which is the highest in the nation (SRS, 2019). This means it is very risky to give birth in UP in comparison to other regions in the country (SRS, 2019). This risk is at the peak in the first month period after each delivery. Similarly, the current NMR in India is 23 per 1000 livebirths (UNIGME,2018). As NMR data is not available separately for states, the national level data also hold good for the states and that’s how for the state of UP as well. These mortalities are the impact indicators and such indicators can be reduced through long drawn processes that includes effective and timely visits to RDWs especially in the first month period after delivery. This would help in making their post-natal & neonatal stage safe. This is the area of post-delivery first month visit profile detailing that the current article helps in popping out in relation to the recent delivery of the respondents.   A total of four districts of Uttar Pradesh were selected purposively for the study and the data collection was conducted in the villages of the respective districts with the help of a pre-tested structured interview schedule with both close-ended and open-ended questions.  The current article deals with five close ended questions with options, two for the type of personnel & frequency while the other three are for each of the three visits in the first month after the recent delivery of respondents. In addition, in-depth interviews were also conducted amongst the RDWs and a total 500 respondents had participated in the study.   Among the districts related to this article, the results showed that ASHA was the type of personnel who did the majority of visits in all the four districts. On the other hand, 25-40% of RDWs in all the 4 districts replied that they did not receive any visit within the first month of their recent delivery. Regarding frequency, most of the RDWs in all the 4 districts received 1-2 times visits by ASHAs.   Regarding the first visit, it was found that the ASHAs of Barabanki and Gonda visited less percentage of RDWs in the first week after delivery. Similarly, the second visit revealed that about 1.2% RDWs in Banda district could not recall about the visit. Further on the second visit, the RDWs responded that most of them in 3 districts except Gonda district did receive the second postnatal visit in 7-15 days after their recent delivery. Less than half of RDWs in Barabanki district & just more than half of RDWs in Gonda district received the third visit in 15-21 days period after delivery. For the same period, the majority of RDWs in the rest two districts responded that they had been entertained through a home visit.

Wacana Kolonial dalam Novel Max Havelaar: Sebuah Kajian Poskolonial

Metahumaniora ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 411
Author(s):  
Abu Bakar Ramadhan Muhamad
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Colonial Discourse ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Voice

AbstrakHegemoni kolonialisme dalam budaya poskolonial merupakan alasan penelitian inikemudian mengkaji wacana kolonial dalam novel Max Havellar (MH) khususnya dampakditimbulkannya. Dampak dimaksud adalah posisi keberpihakan pemikiran tersirat darikarya tersebut. Hasil pembahasan menunjukkan, secara temporal maupun permanen MHmenyuarakan ketidakadilan dalam kondisi-kondisi kolonial menyangkut penindasan sangpenjajah terhadap terjajah. Hanya saja, upaya mengatasnamakan atau mewakili suarakaum terjajah terbukti mengimplikasikan ciri ideologis statis kerangka kolonialisme(orientalisme); yakni cara pandang Eropasentris, di mana “Barat” sebagai self adalah superior,dan “Timur” sebagai other adalah inferior. Dalam konteks poskolonialisme, MH dengan sifatkritisnya yang berupaya “menyuarakan” nasib pribumi terjajah, justru menampilkan stigmapenguatan kolonialitas itu sendiri secara hegemonik. Artinya, “menyuarakan” nasib pribumidimaknai sebagai keberpihankan kolonial yang kontradiktif, di mana stigma penguatankolonialitas justru lebih terasa, ujung-ujungnya melanggengkan hegemoni kolonial. Tidakmembela yang terjajah, tetapi memperhalus cara kerja mesin kolonial.AbstractThe hegemony of colonialism in the culture of postcolonial society is the reason this studythen examines the colonial discourse in the novel Max Havellar (MH) in particular the impactit brings. The impact in question is the implied position of thought in the work. The resultsof the discussion show that, temporarily or permanently, MH voiced injustice in the colonialconditions regarding the oppression of the colonist against the colonized. However, the effort toname or represent the voice of the colonized has proven to imply a static ideological characterin the framework of colonialism (orientalism); ie Eropacentric point of view, in which “West” asself is superior, and “East” as the other is the inferior. In the context of postcolonialism, MH withits critical nature that seeks to “voice” the fate of the colonized natives, actually presents thestigma of strengthening coloniality itself hegemonicly. That is, “voicing” the fate of the pribumiis interpreted as a contradictory colonial flare, where the stigma of strengthening colonialityis more pronounced, which ultimately perpetuates the hegemony of colonialism. No longerdefending the colonized, but refining the workings of the colonial machinery.

The efficiency of application of virtual cross-sections method and hypotheses MELS in problems of wave signal propagation in elastic waveguides with rough surfaces

2016 ◽  
pp. 3564-3575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ara Sergey Avetisyan
Keyword(s):  
Half Space ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Classical Method ◽  
Signal Propagation ◽  
Elastic Half Space ◽  
Layered Systems ◽  
Surface Layers ◽  
Inhomogeneous Surface ◽  
Wave Signal ◽  
The Impact

The efficiency of virtual cross sections method and MELS (Magneto Elastic Layered Systems) hypotheses application is shown on model problem about distribution of wave field in thin surface layers of waveguide when plane wave signal is propagating in it. The impact of surface non-smoothness on characteristics of propagation of high-frequency horizontally polarized wave signal in isotropic elastic half-space is studied. It is shown that the non-smoothness leads to strong distortion of the wave signal over the waveguide thickness and along wave signal propagation direction as well.  Numerical comparative analysis of change in amplitude and phase characteristics of obtained wave fields against roughness of weakly inhomogeneous surface of homogeneous elastic half-space surface is done by classical method and by proposed approach for different kind of non-smoothness.

AMOUNT AND STRUCTURE OF THE BIOLOGICAL FERTILITY OF SOYA, DEPENDING ON THE SYSTEM OF MAIN TILLAGE OF SOIL AND MEASURES TO OPTIMIZE NUTRITION MODE

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Novokhatskyi ◽  
◽  
V. Targonya ◽  
T. Babinets ◽  
O. Gorodetskyi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Optimal Number ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Biological Productivity ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Tillage System ◽  
Biological Yield ◽  
The Impact

Aim. Assessment of the impact of the most common systems of basic tillage and biological methods of optimization of nutrition regimes on the realization of the potential of grain productivity of soybean in the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. The research used general scientific (hypothesis, experiment, observation) and special (field experiment, morphological analysis) methods Results. The analysis of the results of field experiments shows that the conservation system of soil cultivation, which provided the formation of 27.6 c/ha of grain, is preferable by the level of biological yield of soybean. The use of other systems caused a decrease in the biological yield level: up to 26.4 c/ha for the use of the traditional system, up to 25.3 c/ha for the use of mulching and up to 23.0 c/ha for the use of the mini-till. With the use of Groundfix, the average biological yield of soybean grain increases to 25.6 c / ha for application rates of 5 l/ha, and to 28.2 c/ha for application rates of 10 l/ha when control variants (without the use of the specified preparation) an average of 22.6 c/ha of grain was formed with fluctuations in soil tillage systems from 21.0 (mini-bodies) to 25.8 c/ha (traditional).The application of Groundfix (10 l/ha) reduced the seed abortion rate from 11.0% (average without biofertilizer variants) to 8.0%, forming the optimal number of stem nodes with beans, increasing the attachment height of the lower beans and improving other indicators of biological productivity soybeans. Conclusions. It has been found that the use of the canning tillage system generates an average of 27.6 cent soybean grains, which is the highest indicator among the main tillage systems within the scheme of our research. The use of Groundfix caused a change in this indicator: if the variants with a conservative system of basic tillage without the use of biological preparation (control) were formed on average 24.1 c/ha, the use of Ground Licks caused the increase of biological productivity up to 29.4 c/ha, and at a dose of 10 l/ha biological yield was 32.2 c/ha. It was found that both the use of Groundfix and the basic tillage system influenced the elements of the yield structure: the density of the plants at the time of harvest depended more on the tillage system than on the use of Groundfix; the use of Groundfix and increasing its dose within the scheme of our studies positively reflected on the density of standing plants; the height of attachment of the lower beans and reduced the abortion of the seeds.

Gifted Students' Motivation and its Impact on the Development of their Giftedness

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hussein SALEM MUBARAK BARABWD ◽  
Mohammad YUSOFF BIN MOHD NOR ◽  
Noriah Mohd Ishak
Keyword(s):  
Extrinsic Motivation ◽  
Gifted Students ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
The Other ◽  
Phenomenological Method ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Verbal Praise ◽  
Intrinsic Motivations ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Intrinsic And Extrinsic Motivations

The aim of the current study is to examine the intrinsic and extrinsic motivations of the gifted students from Hadhramout Gifted Center HGC in Yemen, and to investigate the impact of these intrinsic and extrinsic motivations on their giftedness development. A qualitative approach was adopted; data has been collected through an open- ended questionnaire that was prepared by the researcher and distributed among a sample of gifted students who were chosen purposively from HGC. The interpretative phenomenological method has been used to analyze the data using, Atlas ti. The results indicate that the majority of the participants consider it interesting to explore new things, and experience curiosity and desire to achieve their goals as their intrinsic motivations. Whereas, the minority consider preference to serve the community, competition preference and self-confidence as their intrinsic motivations. On the other hand, half of the participants consider rewards as their extrinsic motivation, whereas 40 % of them consider exams scores, verbal praise, parents and environment as their extrinsic motivations. Regarding the impact of intrinsic and extrinsic motivations on the development of giftedness, the majority of the participants believe that intrinsic and extrinsic motivations affect positively the development of their giftedness development. Finally, based on the findings, some recommendations were provided. 

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