Effects of Low Oil DDGS on Pellet Quality and Pellet Mill Motor Electrical Efficiency

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-108
Author(s):  
Ashton D Yoder ◽  
Cassandra K Jones ◽  
Kevin J Herick ◽  
Chad B Paulk ◽  
Barry J Bradford ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase 1 ◽  
Pellet Quality ◽  
Distillers Grains With Solubles ◽  
Dried Distillers Grains ◽  
Durability Index ◽  
Conditioning Temperature ◽  
Pelleted Feed ◽  
Inclusion Level ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
Manufacturing Parameters

Abstract.Including dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) in pelleted feed is often limited because of pellet quality concerns. Crude-fat acts as a lubricant in the DDGS when flowing through the pellet die, thus reducing die resistive force in the die, which in turn, reduces pellet durability index (PDI). Including a low-oil DDGS (5.9% crude-fat) instead of a medium-oil DDGS may mitigate these adverse effects. Low-oil DDGS are commonly pelleted for supplemental feeding to increase bulk density, flowability, and reduce feed wastage, but pelleting low-oil DDGS as the sole ingredient is not common. Thus, the objectives were to evaluate PDI, comparing two different sources of DDGS in a complete swine diet, and determine pellet mill manufacturing parameters to optimize the PDI of a low-oil (6.1% crude-fat) DDGS source (Dakota Gold™, POET Nutrition, Sioux Falls, S.D.). Three methods were used to evaluate PDI: Holmen NHP100 for 60 s, standard PDI(ASABE, 2005), and modified PDI (three 19.0 mm hex nuts). Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS v. 9.4 (Cary, N.C.). Phase 1 was a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with two sources of DDGS (low-oil and medium-oil DDGS), two pellet temperatures (66°C and 82°C), two inclusion rates (15% and 30%) and their interaction. Pellets were manufactured using a pellet mill (Master Model HD 1000, California Pellet Mill Co., Crawfordsville, Ind.) with a 30 hp motor and 4.0 × 32.0 mm die (L/D = 8) attached, and ran in triplicate for a total of 24 collected samples. There was no interaction across any factorial combination but replacing medium-oil with low-oil DDGS, and increasing the DDGS inclusion level improved (P = 0.014) PDI. Conditioning temperature did not affect (P = 0.269) PDI. Phase 2 consisted of pelleting low-oil DDGS as the sole ingredient, across three different experiments, each measuring PDI comparing different pellet process parameters. The three experiments included, 1) 3 × 2 factorial with three conditioning temperatures (49°C, 66°C, and 82°C), and two retention times (30 and 60 s); 2) two pellet dies with differing length/diameter (L/D) ratios (5.6 and 10.0); and 3) 3 × 2 factorial with three production rates (1,360, 2,270, and 3,175 kg/h), and two pellet die rpms (166 and 254). Pellets were manufactured using a pellet mill (3016-4 California Pellet Mill Co., Crawfordsville, Ind.) with a 100 hp motor. In experiment 1, neither the interaction (P = 0.235), retention time (P = 0.601), nor conditioning temperature (P = 0.052) impacted PDI. In experiment 2, a thicker die with a 10.0 L/D ratio improved (P = 0.011) PDI. In experiment 3, results indicated neither the interaction (P = 0.642) nor production rate (P = 0.558) affected PDI; however, increasing pellet die rpm improved (P = 0.033) PDI. The results of these experiments indicate that the addition of low-oil DDGS improve PDI compared with medium-oil DDGS, and PDI was improved with the 10.0 L/D ratio die, rotating at 254 rpm. Keywords: DDGS, Pellet durability index, Pelleting.

scholarly journals 157 The effect of different inclusion levels of corn starch and fine ground corn with different conditioning temperatures or die thickness on pellet quality

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 60-60
Author(s):  
Caitlin E Evans ◽  
Cassandra K Jones ◽  
Chad B Paulk ◽  
Charles R Stark
Keyword(s):  
Factorial Design ◽  
Corn Starch ◽  
Pellet Quality ◽  
Binding Agent ◽  
Linear Decrease ◽  
Durability Index ◽  
Conditioning Temperature ◽  
Inclusion Level ◽  
Ground Corn ◽  
Die Thickness

Abstract The objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of different inclusion levels of corn starch and fine ground corn with different conditioning temperature or die thickness on pellet quality. Experiment 1, treatments were arranged in 3×2 factorial design of corn starch inclusion level (0, 5 and 10%) and die thickness (4mm×13mm and 4mm×22 mm). Experiment 2, treatments were arranged in 3×2 factorial design of fine ground corn inclusion level (0, 10 and 20) and conditioning temperature (80 and 85°C) with treatments pelleted using a 4mm×22mm die (5.6 L:D). In both experiments, treatments were pelleted using a model CL-5 CPM pellet mill (Crawfordsville, IN). The result of experiment 1 demonstrated that there was no interaction between corn starch inclusion level and die thickness on modified pellet durability index (PDI), (P=0.636). Increasing die thickness from 12.7 to 22.2 mm increased PDI from 43 to 70% (P< 0.001). There was a linear decrease (P< 0.001) in PDI as the corn starch inclusion level increased from 0 to 10% (64, 60, and 46%, respectively). The result of experiment 2 demonstrated that there was no interaction between fine ground corn inclusion level and conditioning temperature on PDI (P=0.541). The fine ground corn inclusion level did not impact PDI (P=0.298). Increasing conditioning temperature from 80 to 85°C increased PDI (P< 0.001) from 76 to 85%, respectively (P< 0.001). Based on the results, the use of pure corn starch was not an effective binding agent in the feed when the diet contains at least 60% ground corn. The ratio of small corn particles to large corn particles in the diet did not impact pellet quality when the diets were conditioned above 80°C for 35 sec and then pelleted with a 5.6 L:D die. Increasing die thickness and conditioning temperature improved pellet quality.

scholarly journals Evaluation of wheat or corn dried distillers’ grains with solubles on performance and carcass characteristics of feedlot steers

2010 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
L J Walter ◽  
J L Aalhus ◽  
W M Robertson ◽  
T A McAllister ◽  
D J Gibb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Distillers Grains ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Carcass Quality ◽  
Distillers Grains With Solubles ◽  
Dried Distillers Grains ◽  
Inclusion Level ◽  
Corn Ddgs

A study was conducted on crossbred steers (n = 275; 376 ± 24 kg) to evaluate performance and carcass quality of cattle fed wheat or corn dried distillers’ grains with solubles (DDGS). The control ration contained 86.6% rolled barley grain, 5.7% supplement and 7.7% barley silage (DM basis). The four treatments included replacement of barley grain at 20 or 40% of the diet (DM basis) with wheat or corn DDGS. Steers were slaughtered at a common end weight of 645 kg with 100 steers randomly (n = 20 per treatment) selected for determination of the retail yield of sub-primal boneless boxed beef (SPBBB). Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design using pen as the experimental unit. Feeding increasing levels of wheat DDGS led to a quadratic increase in dry matter intake (DMI) (P < 0.01), whereas increasing levels of corn DDGS led to a quadratic decrease in DMI (P = 0.01). Average daily gain was not influenced (P = 0.13) by feeding wheat or corn DDGS, but cattle fed corn DDGS exhibited a quadratic increase (P = 0.01) in gain:feed. As a result, a quadratic increase (P < 0.01) in calculated NEg of the diet was observed as corn DDGS levels increased. A linear decrease (P = 0.04) in days on feed (169, 166 and 154 d) was noted when increasing levels of wheat DDGS (0, 20 and 40%) were fed. Dressing percentage increased in a linear fashion with wheat DDGS (P < 0.01) inclusion level and in a quadratic fashion (P = 0.01) as corn DDGS inclusion level increased although other carcass traits were not affected (P > 0.10) by treatment. The results indicate that replacement of barley grain with corn or wheat DDGS up to 40% of the diet (DM) can lead to superior performance (improved gain:feed or reduced days on feed, respectively) with no detrimental effect on quality grade or carcass SPBBB yield.Key words: Dried distillers’ grains with solubles, corn, wheat, feedlot performance, carcass quality, steers

scholarly journals Effects of conditioning temperature and pellet mill die speed on pellet quality and relative stabilities of phytase and xylanase

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caitlin E Evans ◽  
Marut Saensukjaroenphon ◽  
Jordan T Gebhardt ◽  
Charles R Stark ◽  
Chad B Paulk
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Stability ◽  
Effective Length ◽  
Pellet Quality ◽  
Relative Stabilities ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Durability Index ◽  
Conditioning Temperature ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
Main Effects

Abstract The objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of conditioning temperature and die speed on pellet quality and enzyme stability of phytase and xylanase. Treatments were initially arranged as a 2 × 3 factorial of conditioning temperature (74 and 85°C) and die speed (127, 190, and 254 rpm); however, when conditioning at 85°C it was not possible to pellet at 127 rpm. Thus, data were analyzed in 2 different segments using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. First, linear and quadratic contrasts were utilized to test the response to increasing die speed at 74°C. Second, the data was analyzed as a 2 × 2 factorial of conditioning temperature (74 and 85°C) and die speed (190 and 254 rpm). Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design and replicated 3 times. Diets were conditioned for approximately 30 s and pelleted with a 4.8 mm diameter × 44.5 mm effective length die at a rate of 4.5 MT/h. Pellet durability index (PDI) was determined using the tumble box and Holmen NHP 100 methods. Samples of the unconditioned mash (M), conditioned mash (CM) and pellets (P) were collected and analyzed for phytase and xylanase concentration. Relative enzyme stabilities were expressed as CM:M, P:CM and P:M. Stabilities expressed as P:M were used an indication of enzyme stability through the entire pelleting process. Diets conditioned at 74°C showed no evidence of difference in phytase or xylanase P:M stability when decreasing die speed from 254 to 127 rpm. However, when conditioning diets at 74°C, decreasing die speed increased (linear, P &lt; 0.001) PDI. There was no conditioning temperature × die speed interaction for overall xylanase P:M stability or PDI. However, there was a conditioning temperature × die speed interaction (P &lt; 0.01) for phytase P:M stability. When conditioning diets at 85°C, increasing die speed decreased phytase P:M stability. However, when conditioning at 74°C, increasing die speed did not influence phytase P:M stability. For main effects of conditioning temperature, increasing temperature improved (P &lt; 0.001) PDI with no evidence of difference for xylanase P:M stability. For the main effects of die speed (254 vs 190 rpm), decreasing die speed decreased (P &lt; 0.001) the P:M xylanase stability, but there was no evidence of difference for PDI. The results of this trial indicate that die speed should be taken into consideration when evaluating enzyme stability of both phytase and xylanase as pellet mill models may be operating at different speeds. Additionally, increasing conditioning temperature will improve PDI, but may result in decreased phytase stability.

scholarly journals PSIX-9 Effects of Conditioning Temperature on Pellet Quality of Nursery Pig Diets

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 179-179
Author(s):  
Gage E Nichols ◽  
Charles R Stark ◽  
Aundria Ogles ◽  
Kara M Dunmire ◽  
Chad B Paulk
Keyword(s):  
Production Rate ◽  
Pellet Quality ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Pellet Temperature ◽  
Durability Index ◽  
Conditioning Temperature ◽  
Nursery Pig ◽  
Master Model ◽  
Spray Dried

Abstract The objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of conditioning temperature on pellet durability index (PDI) and pellet hardness. A nursery pig diet was formulated to contain 25% spray-dried whey. Treatments consisted of three different conditioning temperatures: 54, 63, and 71°C. Diets were steam conditioned (245 mm × 1397 mm Wenger twin staff pre-conditioner, Model 150) for approximately 30 sec and pelleted using a 1-ton 30-horsepower pellet mill (1012-2 HD Master Model, California Pellet Mill) with a 4.8 mm × 31.8 mm pellet die (L:D 6.7). The production rate was set at 900 kg/h. Treatments were pelleted at 3 separate time points to provide 3 replicates per treatment. Samples were collected directly after discharging from the pellet mill and cooled in an experimental counterflow cooler. Samples were analyzed for PDI using the Holmen NHP 100 for 60 sec (TekPro Ltd, Norfolk, UK). Pellet hardness was determined by evaluating the peak amount of force applied before the first signs of fracture. Although conditioning temperature was increased in a linear fashion, a quadratic increase (P &lt; 0.002) in hot pellet temperature (HPT) was observed. The HPT were 68, 72, and 74°C for diets conditioned to 54, 63 and 71°C, respectively. Increasing conditioning temperature resulted in increased (linear, P &lt; 0.045) PDI and pellet hardness. As conditioning temperature increased from 54, to 71°C PDI increased from 87% to 92% and the force required to crush pellets increased from 13.5 to 15.9 kg. There was a tendency for a correlation (P &lt; 0.076, r = 0.618, r2 = 0.382) between pellet hardness and PDI. Overall, increasing the conditioning temperature increased pellet hardness and pellet durability.

scholarly journals Effect of graded levels of wheat-based dried distillers’ grains with solubles on performance and carcass characteristics of feedlot steers

2008 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 677-684 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Beliveau ◽  
J. J. McKinnon
Keyword(s):  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Distillers Grains ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Finishing Cattle ◽  
Distillers Grains With Solubles ◽  
Dried Distillers Grains ◽  
Inclusion Level

A trial was conducted to evaluate graded levels of wheat-based dried distillers’ grains with solubles (DDGS) on feedlot performance and carcass characteristics of growing and finishing cattle. Two hundred weaned calves (290 ± 17 kg) were randomly assigned to 1 of 20 pens and fed one of five DDGS treatments. The barley grain-based control diet (0% DDGS) was formulated to 12% crude protein (CP) and 1.52 and 0.93 Mcal kg-1 net energy maintenance (NEm) and net energy gain (NEg) respectively, during the backgrounding period and 1.90 and 1.26 Mcal kg-1 NEm and NEg respectively, during finishing. Wheat-based DDGS replaced (DM basis) barley grain at levels of 8, 16, 24 and 32% during backgrounding and 6, 12, 18 and 23% during finishing. Over the 85-d backgrounding period, dry matter intake (DMI) (P = 0.02), average daily gain (ADG) (P = 0.04), and ultrasound (US) l. dorsi gain (P = 0.02) exhibited a cubic response to DDGS inclusion level with theoretical minima at 6.9, 8.1 and 6.9% DDGS, respectively, and theoretical maxima responses at 27.2, 30.8 and 23.9% DDGS, respectively. Feed efficiency exhibited a quadratic response (P = 0.02) to DDGS inclusion level with a theoretical poorest response at 13.1% DDGS. No effect (P > 0.05) of DDGS inclusion level was noted on ADG, DMI or feed efficiency (kg gain:kg feed; FE) during the finishing period. Similarly, carcass traits were not influenced (P > 0.05) by DDGS inclusion level. The results of this study indicate that wheat-based DDGS can serve as an effective replacement for barley grain in cattle diets supplying both energy and protein and that for finishing cattle, wheat-based DDGS has an energy value at least equal to that of barley grain when fed at levels up to 23% of the diet DM. Key words: Wheat-based dried distillers' grains with solubles, growing and finishing cattle, performance and carcass quality

scholarly journals Inclusion of Wheat Dried Distillers’ Grains with Solubles from Bioethanol Plants in Diets for Dairy Cows

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 70
Author(s):  
Philip C. Garnsworthy ◽  
Michael Marsden ◽  
Jennifer R. Goodman ◽  
Neil Saunders
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Distillers Grains ◽  
Distillers Grains With Solubles ◽  
Dried Distillers Grains ◽  
Inclusion Level ◽  
Metabolisable Energy

Dried distillers’ grains with solubles (DDGS) from bioethanol production can replace soya in diets for dairy cows, but the optimum inclusion level of European wheat DDGS (wDDGS) is unknown. Two batches of wDDGS from different UK bioethanol plants were fed to 44 (Experiment 1) and 40 (Experiment 2) cows in a Latin square design. Each wDDGS replaced soya and rapeseed at four inclusion levels (g/kg of diet dry matter (DM): 0, 80, 160 and 240—Experiment 1; 0, 75, 150 and 225—Experiment 2). Diets were balanced for metabolisable energy (ME) and protein (MP), and for minimum starch and saturated fat in Experiment 2. In Experiment 1, DM intake (29 kg/day) and milk yield (42.3 kg/day) were unaffected by wDDGS inclusion up to 160 g/kg but were lower than control with 240 g/kg inclusion, which was attributed to the low proportion of solubles in this wDDGS batch. In Experiment 2, DM intake (22.4 kg/day) and milk yield (32.1 kg/day) were unaffected by wDDGS inclusion up to 225 g/kg. ME content of wDDGS, determined in vivo (MJ/kg DM) was 12.1 (Experiment 1) and 13.4 (Experiment 2). It is concluded that the optimum inclusion level of wDDGS is at least 225 g/kg DM in diets balanced for minimum starch and saturated fat as well as ME and MP supplies.

Effect of graded levels of wheat-based dried distillers’ grains with solubles on rumen fermentation in finishing cattle

2009 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 513-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
R M Beliveau ◽  
J J McKinnon
Keyword(s):  
Eating Behaviour ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Distillers Grains ◽  
Finishing Cattle ◽  
Distillers Grains With Solubles ◽  
Finishing Diets ◽  
Dried Distillers Grains ◽  
Key Words Wheat ◽  
Inclusion Level

A 4 × 4 Latin square experiment using ruminally cannulated heifers (388 ± 25 kg, mean ± SD) was conducted to evaluate the effects of graded levels (0, 7, 14, 21% DM basis) of wheat-based dried distillers’ grains with solubles (DDGS) on rumen fermentation characteristics and eating behaviour of cattle fed barley-based diets. Mean rumen pH at cutoff values of pH 5.8 or less (P = 0.02) and pH 5.5 or less (P < 0.01) and pH area between 5.2 and 5.5 (P = 0.02) decreased cubically as DDGS content increased with maximum pH at 2.6% and minimum pH at 14.7% DDGS inclusion levels. A cubic effect of DDGS inclusion level (P = 0.03) was noted for time below pH 5.2 where local minima and maxima were found at 2.9 and 15.0% DDGS. Ammonia N (P < 0.01) and the acetate:propionate ratio (P = 0.01) increased, while propionate decreased (P < 0.01) linearly as DDGS content increased. It was concluded that despite the high fibre, low starch nature of wheat-based DDGS, substitution for barley did not improve the acidic rumen fermentation conditions associated with feeding barley-based finishing diets. Key words: Wheat dried distillers’ grains with solubles, rumen fermentation, feeding behaviour, sub-acute ruminal acidosis

scholarly journals PSI-11 Moisture Content Throughout the Pelleting Process and Subsequent Effects on Pellet Quality

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 228-229
Author(s):  
Rachel Kort ◽  
Haley Wecker ◽  
Chance Fiehler ◽  
Aundria Ogles ◽  
Jared Froetschner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Steam Treatment ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Pellet Quality ◽  
Counter Flow ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Durability Index ◽  
Conditioning Temperature ◽  
Feed Temperature

Abstract This experiment was designed to evaluate the effects of steam addition to the conditioner on moisture content throughout the pelleting process and subsequent effects on pellet quality. Treatments consisted of diets pelleted with no steam and steam added to achieve conditioning temperatures of 62.8 and 87.8°C. Conditioner retention time was set at 30 sec and diets were pelleted with a 6.4×63.5 mm pellet die. Pellet samples were collected and immediately placed in an experimental counter-flow cooler for 15 min. All treatments were replicated at 3 separate time points to provide 3 replicates per treatment. Mash (M), conditioned mash (CM), hot pellets (HP), and cooled pellet (CP) samples were collected for moisture content analysis and CP for pellet durability index (PDI). Data were analyzed with pelleting run as the experimental unit and time period as the blocking factor. Moisture samples were analyzed as a 3×4 factorial of steam-conditioning and sample location. There was a steam-conditioning×sample interaction (P&lt; 0.01) for moisture. Mash samples for all treatments were similar (13.3%; 36.2°C). For the no steam treatment, there was no difference in moisture content for the M, CM, and HP; however, moisture decreased in CP, with samples having 13.4, 13.1, 12.9, and 12.0% moisture, respectively. For the 62.7°C treatment, there was an increase in moisture from M to CM, followed by a decrease in both HP and CP, with samples having 13.2, 15.3, 14.9, and 12.7% moisture, respectively. For the 87.8°C treatment, moisture increased from M to CM, and decreased in HP and CP with samples having 13.3, 17.3, 16.3, and 13.4% moisture, respectively. Increasing conditioning temperature from no steam to 87.8°C increased (P&lt; 0.01) PDI from 3.3, 59.1, to 91.1%, respectively. In conclusion, increasing feed temperature from 36.2 to 87.8°C via steam addition increased condition mash moisture content by 4.2% resulting in improved pellet quality.

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