Calibration and Tests of Commercial Wireless Infrared Thermometers

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 647-658 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul D. Colaizzi ◽  
Susan A. O’Shaughnessy ◽  
Steven R. Evett
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Canopy Temperature ◽  
Longwave Radiation ◽  
Radiation Energy ◽  
Black Body ◽  
Limited Range ◽  
Target Temperature ◽  
Body Temperatures ◽  
Wireless Data Transmission ◽  
Temperature Controlled

Abstract. Applications of infrared thermometers (IRTs) in large agricultural fields require wireless data transmission, and IRT target temperature should have minimal sensitivity to internal detector temperature. To meet these objectives, a prototype wireless IRT system was developed at USDA Agricultural Research Service, Bushland, Texas, and commercialized by Dynamax, Inc., Houston, Texas. The objective of this article was to calibrate and test the Dynamax, Inc. system. Following deployment in an irrigated field during the 2015 crop season, 26 IRTs were calibrated and tested in a temperature-controlled room. The IRTs measured a black body target temperature controlled at 15°C to 55°C in 5°C increments, and for each range of black body temperatures, ambient room temperatures were controlled at 15°C, 20°C, 25°C, 35°C, and 45°C under isothermal and steady-state conditions. Discrepancies between uncalibrated IRT and black body temperatures varied by IRT and had root mean squared errors (RMSE) between 0.25°C and 1.51°C, mean absolute errors (MAE) between 0.19°C and 1.17°C, and mean bias errors (MBE) between -0.66°C and 0.16°C. A calibration equation was derived from the longwave radiation energy balance of the IRT internal detector, and sensor-specific calibrations reduced discrepancies for all IRTs, with RMSE between 0.16°C and 0.28°C, MAE between 0.12°C and 0.21°C, and absolute MBE less than 0.05°C. A generic calibration was derived by pooling all sensor-specific calibrations, and reduced discrepancies for all but five IRTs, but these were very marginal compared with no calibration. Therefore, the generic calibration did not appear justified, but sensor-specific calibrations were justified for most IRTs. The IRTs were again deployed in the irrigated field and measured corn canopy temperature in 2016. Crop evapotranspiration (ETc) was calculated using measurements from one IRT and compared to ETc measured by a large weighing lysimeter. The choice of calibration (none, generic, or sensor-specific) had little impact on calculated ETc, which was likely related to a limited range of target and sensor body temperature differences in the field (mostly +10°C), in contrast to those in the temperature-controlled room (up to +40°C) Keywords: Canopy temperature, Crop management, Evapotranspiration, Irrigation, Remote sensing, Sensors.

scholarly journals A Comparison of Actual and Black-Body Temperatures

1914 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 439-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles C. Bidwell
Keyword(s):  
Black Body ◽  
Body Temperatures

scholarly journals Genetic variations, heritability, heat tolerance indices and correlations studies for traits of bread wheat genotypes under high temperature

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 672-686
Author(s):  
Elfadil Mohamed Elbashier ◽  
Elfadil Mohammed Eltayeb Elbashier ◽  
Siddig Esa Idris2 ◽  
Wuletaw Tadesse ◽  
Izzat S.A. Tahir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Heat Tolerance ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Canopy Temperature ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Wheat Genotypes ◽  
Tolerance Indices

PurposeThe purpose of this paper was to study the genetic variability, heritability, heat tolerance indices and phenotypic and genotypic correlation studies for traits of 250 elite International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) bread wheat genotypes under high temperature in Wad Medani, Center in Sudan.Design/methodology/approachBread wheat is an important food on a global level and is used in the form of different products. High temperature associated with climate change is considered to be a detrimental stress in the future on world wheat production. A total of 10,250 bread wheat genotypes selected from different advanced yield trials introduction from ICARDA and three checks including were grown in two sowing dates (SODs) (1st and 2nd) 1st SOD heat stress and 2nd SOD non-stress at the Gezira Research Farm, of the Agricultural Research Corporation, Wad Medani, Sudan.FindingsAn alpha lattice design with two replications was used to assess the presence of phenotypic and genotypic variations of different traits, indices for heat stress and heat tolerance for 20 top genotypes and phenotypic and genotypic correlations. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among genotypes for all the characters. A wide range, 944-4,016 kg/ha in the first SOD and 1,192-5,120 kg/ha in the second SOD, was found in grain yield. The average yield on the first SOD is less than that of the secondnd SOD by 717.7 kg/ha, as the maximum and minimum temperatures were reduced by 3ºC each in the second SOD when compared to the first SOD of the critical stage of crop growth shown.Research limitations/implicationsSimilar wide ranges were found in all morpho-physiological traits studied. High heritability in a broad sense was estimated for days to heading and maturity. Moderate heritability estimates found for grain yield ranged from 44 to 63.6 per cent, biomass ranged from 37.8 to 49.1 per cent and canopy temperature (CT) after heading ranged from 44.2 to 48 per cent for the first and secondnd SODs. The top 20 genotypes are better than the better check in the two sowing dates and seven genotypes (248, 139, 143, 27, 67, 192 and 152) were produced high grain yield under both 1st SOD and 2nd SOD.Practical implicationsThe same genotypes in addition to Imam (check) showed smaller tolerance (TOL) values, indicating that these genotypes had a smaller yield reduction under heat-stressed conditions and that they showed a higher heat stress susceptibility index (SSI). A smaller TOL and a higher SSI are favored. Both phenotypic and genotypic correlations of grain yield were positively and significantly correlated with biomass, harvest index, number of spikes/m2, number of seeds/spike and days to heading and maturity in both SODs and negatively and significantly correlated with canopy temperature before and after heading in both SODs.Originality/valueGenetic variations, heritability, heat tolerance indices and correlation studies for traits of bread wheat genotypes under high temperature

Clouds over the Tropial Atlantic during July and August 1970

1974 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 587-596 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Madden ◽  
L. Sapp ◽  
E. Zipser
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Satellite Data ◽  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Black Body ◽  
Tropical Atlantic ◽  
Body Temperatures ◽  
Cloud Clusters ◽  
Weather Observations ◽  
High Clouds

Nimbus IV radiance measurements in the 10.5–12.5-μm window channel from the tropical Atlantic during July and August 1970 are studied. The relative frequency of cold, and presumably high clouds, is determined. The average spatial distribution of equivalent black-body temperatures associated with 38 cloud clusters is reported. Ship cloud and weather observations are studied in conjunction with the satellite data. By combining the evidence provided by the satellite and ship observations, a model of typical clouds and weather associated with cloud clusters is proposed for further study.

scholarly journals Iturup and Sakhalin Island Strawberries

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1127A-1127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrey Sabitov ◽  
Kim E. Hummer ◽  
Tom Davis
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Limited Range ◽  
Sakhalin Island ◽  
Eastern Slope ◽  
Leaf Color ◽  
Chromosome Counts ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Iturup Island ◽  
Wild Strawberry ◽  
Agricultural Research Service

A plant-collecting expedition to Iturup and Sakhalin Islands, Russian Federation, occurred between 21 July and 12 Sept. 2003. Actinidia, Rubus, Ribes, and Vaccinium, as well as seven accessions of strawberries, Fragaria L., were collected. Among them, a wild strawberry, Fragaria iturupensis Staudt, was collected on the eastern slope of Atsonupuri Volcano, Iturup Island, at 630 and 650 m elevation. This species was similar in habit, leaf color and overall appearance to the American strawberry species F. virginiana Mill. Fruits were bright red, oblate spherical, about 1.4 cm in diameter, and had exerted achenes. The native distribution of this species was limited to the middle elevation of the slope of this volcano, and only on Iturup Island. Chromosome counts indicated that these plants were octoploid. Initial DNA fingerprinting aligned this sample with other octoploid species. In addition to this species, samples of F. yezoensis H. Hara (syn. F. nipponica Makino) were collected on Kuibyshewskii Bay of Cape Otlivnoy, Iturup, and near Ujno-Sakhalinsk City, Sakhalin Island. F. iinumae Makino was observed in Ogon'ki Village, Sakhalin Island. This report confirmed the existence of F. iturupensis, the only known native Asian octoploid strawberry, and documented its limited range. Seeds of these strawberry species are available for research by request from the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Clonal Germplasm Repository in Corvallis.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the performances of two rebs net radiometer designs during Nimex at a tropical site in Ile-Ife, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-123
Author(s):  
L.A. Sunmonu ◽  
A.I. Ajao ◽  
M.A. Ayoola ◽  
E.O. Ogolo ◽  
O.A. Babatunde ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Longwave Radiation ◽  
Radiation Energy ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Net Radiation ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Term Operation ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Tropical Location

In this study, the performances of two types of Radiation Energy Balance Systems (REBS) net radiometers, a domed (model Q-7.1) and domeless (model NR-LITE) against a reference, four-component net radiometer (model NR01), are evaluated during the conduct of Nigeria  Micrometeorological Experiment (NIMEX) held between May 27 and June 12, 2013 at a tropical location in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. During the daytime, net radiation measurements made by NR-LITE and Q-7.1 showed good agreements with NR01, with coefficient of determination for both > 0.90. The values of the mean and standard deviation for daytime net radiation as  measured by NR01, NR-LITE and Q-7.1 were 257.7 ± 174.7 W m2 , 179.6 ± 129.3 W m2 and 240.6 ± 153.1 W m2 , respectively. At nighttime, NR-LITE net radiometer responded to longwave radiation better than Q-7.1. Adjustments made by linear regression of NR-LITE and Q-7.1 datasets with NR01 produced better fit. Though costs of the two REBS type net radiometers are comparatively the same, Q-7.1 performed better than NRLITE. However, for long-term operation, the Q-7.1 type requires periodic (every 2-3 months) changing of the plastic domes due to ageing and cracking, unlike the NR-LITE. So, the NR-LITE is a preferred option to be adopted by the Weather Services in West African countries for routine measurements of net radiation because it does not require periodic changing of the plastic domes. Keywords: Net radiation; REBS net radiometers; 4-component net radiometer; tropical location.

scholarly journals The ROSAT observations of classical novae

1996 ◽  
Vol 158 ◽  
pp. 289-289
Author(s):  
M. Orio ◽  
H. Ögelman ◽  
S. Balman
Keyword(s):  
Thin Shell ◽  
Black Body ◽  
Archival Data ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Body Temperatures ◽  
Hydrogen Burning ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Classical Novae ◽  
Upper Limits ◽  
The Galaxy

We observed a number of classical and recurrent novae in the Galaxy and the LMC with the ROSAT X-ray telescope and searched the archival data for other serendipitous observations. Preliminary results show that only 9 out of 37 observed objects were bright enough in X-rays to be detected with ROSAT, either in outburst or at quiescence.Three basic mechanisms can cause X-ray emission from classical or re-current novae. The first is hot hydrogen burning in a thin shell of the remnant envelope left on the white dwarf after the nova explosion. Hydrogen burning post-novae should be blackbody like emitters at nearly Eddington luminosity (as per the ‘supersoft’ X-ray sources). In our sample, only GQ Mus (Nova Mus 1983, see Ögelman et al. 1993; Shanley et al. 1995) and V1974 Cyg 1992 (Krautter et al. 1996) had these characteristics. Remarkably, among 10 LMC novae that had an outburst in the last 47 yr none was detected as a ‘supersoft’ X-ray source. The 3 σ upper limits for the black-body temperatures of the post-nova white dwarfs are mainly in the range 20… 30 eV. A post-nova can also emit X-rays because of shocks occurring in the ejected shell (e.g. O’Brien et al. 1994). Three out of four classical novae that were observed in outburst displayed a hard X-ray component in the ROSAT energy band, which might be due to a shocked shell. Finally, X-ray emission is expected from quiescent nearby novae because of accretion. Only four nearby accreting sources were detected; the ROSAT upper limits for the non-detected quiescent novae are Lx < 1031… 1032 ergs−1, assuming a thermal plasma at kT = a few keV.

scholarly journals Performance of Heat Tolerant Maize Genotypes under Moisture Stress during Rainy Season in Karnataka

2021 ◽  
pp. 9-16
Author(s):  
B. N. Shwetha ◽  
B. M. Chittapur ◽  
P. H. Kuchanur ◽  
B. G. Koppalkar ◽  
A. S. Halepyati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rainy Season ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Canopy Temperature ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Semiarid Region ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Stress Studies ◽  
Heat Tolerant

This research was formulated to study the response of heat tolerant genotypes to prolonged period of water stress prevalent under rainfed situation. The trial was conducted at Agricultural Research Station, Dhadesugur, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, Karnataka, India, during rainy season (kharif) 2019. The present study comprised of three stress tolerant genotypes (RCRMH 2, RCRMH 3 and RCRMH 4) with four moisture stress stages (imposed between 20-40, 40-60, 60-80 and 80-100 DAS) which were sown during June, July and August, and the design employed was Randomized complete block design. The results revealed that superior performance of RCRMH 3 (5321 kg ha-1) over other genotypes whether stressed or not, but all the genotypes were on par with each other in terms of physiological parameters viz., proline accumulation, relative water content, canopy temperature, NDVI, relative chlorophyll content and ASI, and these parameters exhibited good correlation with yield and hence found ideal for stress studies. The present study indicated that these cultivars sustain maize production under moisture stress condition and therefore, are suitable to semiarid region characterized by inclement weather.

CANOPY TEMPERATURE CONTROLLED IRRIGATION

1993 ◽  
pp. 477-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.F. Wanjura ◽  
D.R. Upchurch ◽  
J.R. Mahan
Keyword(s):  
Canopy Temperature ◽  
Controlled Irrigation ◽  
Temperature Controlled
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