Methane/Gasoline Bi-fuel Engines as a Power Source for Standard Agriculture Tractors: Development and Testing Activities

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 365-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlo Bisaglia ◽  
Massimo Brambilla ◽  
Maurizio Cutini ◽  
Stefano Fiorati ◽  
Mark Howell
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Livestock Waste ◽  
Organic Residues ◽  
Ghg Emission ◽  
Maximum Torque ◽  
Performance Results ◽  
Standard Tractor ◽  
Engine Power

Abstract. Promoting energy efficiency in agriculture means supporting economic growth by reducing both pollution and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions while minimizing waste and the inefficient use of natural resources. Biomethane presents an interesting option given its possibility to be produced from livestock waste or other organic residues, with GHG emission savings ranging from 84% to 86% (wet or dry manure). Moreover, experiences with methane-fueled engines are widely available, thus leading to considering the possibility of using such a fuel in the agricultural sector as well. The aim of this research was to develop a first-generation tractor prototype provided with a commercially available bi-fuel engine adapted for the purpose and tested both in laboratory and field conditions. The main design aspects are depicted while the performance results show similar values of engine power and torque (87 kW maximum power for the diesel fuel tractor and 88 kW for the methane-fueled version; 1172 Nm maximum torque at 550 min-1 for the methane and 1155 Nm at 400 min-1 for the diesel tractor) with an autonomy of the methane prototype which is, at present, 40% of a comparable standard tractor. The possible role in farm fleet is also presented. Keywords: Agricultural machinery, CNG, Gaseous bio-fuels, Renewable fuels.

scholarly journals Valorization Methodology for Agriculture Sector Climate Change Mitigation Measures

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 944-954
Author(s):  
Agita Gancone ◽  
Jelena Pubule ◽  
Dagnija Blumberga
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Eu Ets ◽  
Ghg Emission ◽  
Enteric Fermentation ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
The Future ◽  
Smart Agriculture

Abstract Agriculture sector holds an essential role in Latvia’s economy and play significant role in keeping rural areas as a habitable environment (approximately 32 % of the population lives in rural areas). The agricultural sector is responsible for 28.5 % (2018) of total non-European Union Emissions Trading System (non – EU ETS) greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Latvia. The largest part of emissions is related to agricultural soils (59.3 %) and enteric fermentation 32.6 % (mainly dairy and beef cattle). The GHG emissions trend of recent years shows a gradual and steady increase in GHG emissions for example between 2005 and 2018 +12.5 % and during the period 2013–2018 emissions increased by 2.12 %. According to Latvia’s National Energy and Climate Plan 2021–2030 (NECP), total GHG emissions in the agricultural sector are expected to increase in the period from 2020 to 2030, mainly in the enteric fermentation and agricultural soil categories. To achieve determined targets for Latvia’s non-EU ETS sector in 2030 and be on track to reach climate neutrality in 2050, the agricultural sector has to contribute to GHG emission mitigation. For the agricultural sector, improved food security and climate smart activities will be necessary to achieve GHG emission reduction. Existing policies and measures (WEM) as well as those which are included in the NECP as additional measures (WAM) were used to assess more suitable measures to move on climate smart agriculture (CSA), that could help to decrease GHG emissions at the farm and state level as well as is expected to contribute towards achieving the commitments in the plan. To achieve the aim of the study, a combination of the Delphi method together with multi-criteria analysis (MCA) is utilized to find a set of top GHG mitigation measures in the future. Results show that, in the future, the measure support the development of innovative technologies and solutions to promote resource efficiency in agriculture is essential to move on climate smart agriculture.

scholarly journals Management of Nitrogen Flow in Livestock Waste System Towards an Efficient Circular Economy in Agriculture.

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Modupe Olufemi Doyeni ◽  
Karolina Barčauskaitė ◽  
Kristina Bunevičienė ◽  
Kęstutis Venslauskas ◽  
Kestutis Navickas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Circular Economy ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Microbial Biomass C ◽  
Pig Manure ◽  
Livestock Waste ◽  
Livestock Farming

Abstract The race is on to achieve high level of efficiency in the attainment of circular economy in Agriculture especially with the aim of sustainable nitrogen management. This cycle in the agricultural sector cuts across livestock farming, agriculture induced waste generation, recycling and utilization, energy generation, crop production, ecosystem protection and environmental management through the mitigation of climate changes. In this work, we access the process and functionalities of livestock waste generated from the piggery farm and the combinations with other by-products such as biochar and ash in comparison with mineral fertilisation (MN) as sources of nitrogen (N) applied in agricultural soil. The experiment was performed in a controlled environment with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in a neutral and an acidic soil. Pig manure was used as the primary feedstock, fed, and processed to biogas and nutrient rich digestate by anaerobic digestion process. The digestate generated were amended with biochar and ash. In the course of the cultivation period, pig manure digestate with other co-amendments showed a positive influence on mobile potassium and phosphorus contents, biomass yield and nitrogen use efficiency. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the form of methane, carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide released in both soil types from the amendments were significantly lower when compared to mineral nitrogen treatment. The amendments did not have any significant influence on dehydrogenase activity, especially in the acid soil with the pH negatively influencing the enzymatic activities. The pig manure and pig manure digestate treatments showed positive response in the soil microbial biomass-C in the two soil types when compared to other co-amendments. Application of single use amendment application or in combination with biochar and ash as a means of waste management can enhance the N flow to meet up with crop needs, reduce GHG emissions and reduce potential agriculture’s negative environmental footprint.

scholarly journals Nitrous oxide emission from livestock production

2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 165-175
Author(s):  
A. Nasiru ◽  
M. S. Suleiman ◽  
A. A. Idris ◽  
A. Jinjiri ◽  
M. U. Aminu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Livestock Production ◽  
Manure Management ◽  
Ghg Emission ◽  
Tier 1 ◽  
Animal Wastes ◽  
Tier 3

Livestock production provides food and raw materials in addition to being means of  livelihoods to millions of people. However, their production is associated with pollution  among which is greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Livestock contributes 80% of the total  GHG emission from agricultural sector. These emissions are originated from enteric  fermentations and manure management. Emissions from manure management are mostly  Nitrous oxide. Five (5) sources of N O emission from livestock were identified and are dung 2 and urine from grazing animals deposited in pastures, indirect sources, animal wastes in  stables and storages, application of animal wastes to land and burning of dung with emission  proportion of 41, 27, 19, 10 and 3% respectively. IPCC developed methods for estimation  N O emission designated as Tier 1, 2 and 3 respectively. Using Tier 1 method a total of 2 453.027 gigagrams of N O were emitted from livestock, considering class of livestock 2 ruminant dominated the emission with cattle alone emitted 47.83% of the total emission.  Based on regions, Asia produces the highest emission from N O with 51% in the year 2016. 2 Tier 3 method can be used to get a relative accurate measurement of the emission as well as  GLEAM model. Mitigation options should be explored in order to minimise GHG emission  and environmental pollution from livestock as well as nutrients losses which translate to  increase cost of production.  La production animale fournit de la nourriture et des matières premières en plus d'être un  moyen de subsistance pour des millions de personnes. Cependant, leur production est  associée à une pollution dont les émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES). L'élevage contribue  à 80% des émissions totales de GES du secteur agricole. Ces émissions proviennent des  fermentations entériques et de la gestion du fumier. Les émissions provenant de la gestion du  fumier sont principalement de l'oxyde nitreux. Cinq (5) sources d'émission de N2O provenant  du bétail ont été identifiées et sont les excréments et l'urine d'animaux de pâturage déposés  dans les pâturages, les sources indirectes, les déchets animaux dans les étables et les  entrepôts, l'épandage de déchets animaux sur le sol et le brûlage des excréments avec une 

scholarly journals Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Knowledge and Positions of German Farmers

Land ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 130
Author(s):  
Kerstin Jantke ◽  
Martina J. Hartmann ◽  
Livia Rasche ◽  
Benjamin Blanz ◽  
Uwe A. Schneider
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Climate Mitigation ◽  
Sufficient Information ◽  
Ghg Emission ◽  
Personal Motivation ◽  
Further Development

Climate mitigation targets must involve the agricultural sector, which contributes 10%–14% of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. To evaluate options for implementing mitigation measures in the agricultural sector, farmers’ knowledge, positions, and attitudes towards agricultural GHG emissions, their accounting, and reduction need to be understood. Using an online survey, we asked 254 German farmers about their motivation to reduce GHG emissions and their acceptance of possible regulation schemes. We examined differences between relevant farming sectors, i.e., conventional versus organic and livestock keeping versus crop-cultivating farms. Results show that German farmers are aware of climatic changes and feel a general commitment to reducing GHG emissions but lack sufficient information. We identified agricultural magazines as the most effective tool for disseminating relevant knowledge. German farmers would feel motivated to adopt climate-friendly farming styles if products were labeled accordingly and if they received subsidies and public acknowledgment for their effort. As long as there is no regulation of agricultural GHGs through taxes or subsidies, personal motivation is yet the strongest motivation for voluntary emission reduction. Our findings are timely for the further development of strategies and instruments that reduce agricultural GHG emission and account for the farmers’ views. The dataset is available for further investigations.

Costs and Benefits of the Transition to Low-carbon Economyin Russia: Perspectives up to 2050

2014 ◽  
pp. 70-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Bashmakov ◽  
A. Myshak
Keyword(s):  
Emission Reduction ◽  
High Probability ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Ghg Emission ◽  
Research Groups ◽  
Emissions Mitigation ◽  
Very High

This paper investigates costs and benefits associated with low-carbon economic development pathways realization to the mid XXI century. 30 scenarios covering practically all “visions of the future” were developed by several research groups based on scenario assumptions agreed upon in advance. It is shown that with a very high probability Russian energy-related GHG emissions will reach the peak before 2050, which will be at least 11% below the 1990 emission level. The height of the peak depends on portfolio of GHG emissions mitigation measures. Efforts to keep 2050 GHG emissions 25-30% below the 1990 level bring no GDP losses. GDP impact of deep GHG emission reduction - by 50% of the 1990 level - varies from plus 4% to minus 9%. Finally, very deep GHG emission reduction - by 80% - may bring GDP losses of over 10%.

scholarly journals Economic and Environmental Consequences of the ECJ Genome Editing Judgment in Agriculture

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1212
Author(s):  
Alexander Gocht ◽  
Nicola Consmüller ◽  
Ferike Thom ◽  
Harald Grethe
Keyword(s):  
Genome Editing ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Food Prices ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Environmental Consequences ◽  
European Court ◽  
The Eu

Genome-edited crops are on the verge of being placed on the market and their agricultural and food products will thus be internationally traded soon. National regulations, however, diverge regarding the classification of genome-edited crops. Major countries such as the US and Brazil do not specifically regulate genome-edited crops, while in the European Union, they fall under GMO legislation, according to the European Court of Justice (ECJ). As it is in some cases impossible to analytically distinguish between products from genome-edited plants and those from non-genome-edited plants, EU importers may fear the risk of violating EU legislation. They may choose not to import any agricultural and food products based on crops for which genome-edited varieties are available. Therefore, crop products of which the EU is currently a net importer would become more expensive in the EU, and production would intensify. Furthermore, an intense substitution of products covered and not covered by genome editing would occur in consumption, production, and trade. We analyzed the effects of such a cease of EU imports for cereals and soy in the EU agricultural sector with the comparative static agricultural sector equilibrium model CAPRI. Our results indicate dramatic effects on agricultural and food prices as well as on farm income. The intensification of EU agriculture may result in negative net environmental effects in the EU as well as in an increase in global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This suggests that trade effects should be considered when developing domestic regulation for genome-edited crops.

PSVIII-19 Greenhouse gas emissions from beef cattle production in Brazil: how we can mitigate from animal operations?

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 430-430
Author(s):  
Andre Pastori D Aurea ◽  
Abmael S da Silva Cardoso ◽  
Lauriston Bertelli Fernandes ◽  
Ricardo Andrade Reis ◽  
Luis Eduardo Ferreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Cattle Production ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Beef Cattle Production ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Equivalent

Abstract In Brazil beef cattle production is one of the most important activities in the agricultural sector and has an important impact on environmental and resources consumption. In this study assessed greenhouses gases (GHG) impacts from on farms representative productive system and the possible improvements of the production chain. Primary data from animal production index and feeding were collected from 17 farms, which covers 300.000 animals and 220.000 hectares. Emissions of methane, nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide were made using intergovernmental panel on climate change (IPCC) guidelines for national inventories. The GHG inventory included emissions from animals, feeds and operations for animal operation from “cradle to farm gate”. Emissions of each farm were converted to carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2eq) and divided by carcass production. Regression analysis between carbon dioxide equivalent and productive index was run to identify possible hotspot of GHG emissions. A large variation between farms were observed. The GHG yield ranged from 8.63 kg to 50.88 CO2eq kg carcass-1. The productive index age of slaughtering (P < 0.0001), average daily gain (P < 0.0001) and productivity (P = 0.058) per area were positive correlated to GHG yield. While no correlation was found with stocking rate (P = 0.21). Improvements of the production chain could be realized by accurate animal management strategies that reduce the age of slaughtering (feeding and genetic improvements) and gain individual or per area using strategic animal supplementation and pasture management, in order to obtains reduction of GHG emissions of beef cattle.

scholarly journals Trade-offs between high yields and greenhouse gas emissions in irrigation wheat cropland in China

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2287-2294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. L. Cui ◽  
L. Wu ◽  
Y. L. Ye ◽  
W. Q. Ma ◽  
X. P. Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Ghg Emission ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
High Yields ◽  
Scientific Attention

Abstract. Although the concept of producing higher yields with reduced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is a goal that attracts increasing public and scientific attention, the trade-off between high yields and GHG emissions in intensive agricultural production is not well understood. Here, we hypothesize that there exists a mechanistic relationship between wheat grain yield and GHG emission, and that could be transformed into better agronomic management. A total 33 sites of on-farm experiments were investigated to evaluate the relationship between grain yield and GHG emissions using two systems (conventional practice, CP; high-yielding systems, HY) of intensive winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in China. Furthermore, we discussed the potential to produce higher yields with lower GHG emissions based on a survey of 2938 farmers. Compared to the CP system, grain yield was 39% (2352 kg ha−1) higher in the HY system, while GHG emissions increased by only 10%, and GHG emission intensity was reduced by 21%. The current intensive winter wheat system with farmers' practice had a median yield and maximum GHG emission rate of 6050 kg ha−1 and 4783 kg CO2 eq ha−1, respectively; however, this system can be transformed to maintain yields while reducing GHG emissions by 26% (6077 kg ha−1, and 3555 kg CO2 eq ha−1). Further, the HY system was found to increase grain yield by 39% with a simultaneous reduction in GHG emissions by 18% (8429 kg ha−1, and 3905 kg CO2 eq ha−1, respectively). In the future, we suggest moving the trade-off relationships and calculations from grain yield and GHG emissions to new measures of productivity and environmental protection using innovative management technologies.

scholarly journals Biofuels – Towards Objectives Of 2030 And Beyond

2021 ◽  
pp. 32-40
Author(s):  
Rafał M. Łukasik
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Ghg Emission ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Carbon Neutrality ◽  
Environmental Criteria ◽  
Production Technologies

The European (and global) energy sector is in a process of profound transformation, making it essential for changes to take place that influence energy producers, operators, and regulators, as well as consumers themselves, as they are the ones who interact in the energy market. The RED II Directive changes the paradigm of the use of biomass in the heat and electricity sectors, by introducing sustainability criteria with mandatory minimum greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions and by establishing energy efficiency criteria. For the transport sector, the extension of the introduction of renewables to all forms of transport (aviation, maritime, rail and road short and long distance), between 2021-2030, the strengthening of energy efficiency and the strong need to reduce GHG emissions, are central to achieving the national targets for renewables in transport, representing the main structural changes in the European decarbonisation policy in that sector. It is necessary to add that biomass is potentially the only source of renewable energy that makes it possible to obtain negative GHG emission values, considering the entire life cycle including CO2 capture and storage. Hence, this work aims to analyse the relevance of biomass for CHP and in particular, the use of biomass for biofuels that contribute to achieving carbon neutrality in 2050. The following thematic sub-areas are addressed in this work: i) the new environmental criteria for the use of biomass for electricity in the EU in light of now renewable energy directive; ii) current and emerging biofuel production technologies and their respective decarbonization potential; iii) the relevance or not of the development of new infrastructures for distribution renewable fuels, alternatives to the existing ones (biomethane, hydrogen, ethanol); iv) the identification of the necessary measures for biomass in the period 2020-2030

scholarly journals Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Norwegian Agriculture: The Regional and Structural Dimension

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 2506
Author(s):  
Klaus Mittenzwei
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Regional Distribution ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Animal Production ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Agricultural Activity ◽  
Resource Base ◽  
Farm Structure

This paper studies the hypothesis that farm structure and the regional distribution of agricultural activity themselves have a significant impact on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from agriculture. Applying a dynamic model for the Norwegian agricultural sector covering the entire farm population, the model results support the hypothesis. Even without mitigation options, GHG emissions decline by 1.4 per cent if agriculture becomes regionally concentrated and increase by 1.5 per cent if a policy that favors a small-scale farm structure is put in place. Adding a carbon tax to a policy that leads to regional concentration, may help to reconcile competing policy objectives. A switch from animal production to crop production, and an extensification of animal production keeps a large resource base across the country while cutting GHG emissions.

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