Definitions of Soil Conditions As related to problems of Soil Compaction Report of Joint ASAE-SSSA Committee on Definitions and Terminology

1958 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 0056-0056
Author(s):  
H. K. Smith ◽  
J. B. Liljedahl
Keyword(s):  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Soil Conditions

REGRESSION ANALYSES OF GRAIN YIELD OF CORN, LEVEL OF LEAF N P K AND SOIL CONDITIONS IN A LONG-TIME ROTATION EXPERIMENT ON BROOKSTON CLAY

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 599-611 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. A. DIRKS ◽  
E. F. BOLTON
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Nutrient Level ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Yield Difference ◽  
Soil Measurements ◽  
Leaf N

Regression and covariance analysis of a 13-yr rotation experiment of corn on Brookston clay soil showed that grain yield of corn could be related to each of nine other plant and soil measurements. Soil compaction as measured by bulk density was negatively associated with the level of leaf K in the plants, as well as available soil moisture. The major part of the yield difference between fertilized continuous corn and fertilized corn following alfalfa could be accounted for by multiple regression of grain yield on leaf N and K nutrient levels, soil compaction and soil moisture. Soil compaction was not affected or modified by fertilizer treatment. Response of corn grain yield to soil conditions, moisture and plant nutrient level appears to vary with rotation and fertilizer input.

scholarly journals Insight into the Productivity, Cost and Soil Impacts of Cable-assisted Harvester-forwarder Thinning in Western Oregon

2019 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Preston Q Green ◽  
Woodam Chung ◽  
Ben Leshchinsky ◽  
Francisca Belart ◽  
John Sessions ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
The United States ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Productivity Cost ◽  
System Productivity ◽  
Machine Productivity ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Harvesting Systems ◽  
Soil Measurements

Abstract Cable-assisted (or tethered) mechanized harvesting has recently been introduced to the Pacific Northwest of the United States, and is rapidly being adopted by the forest industry. However, potential environmental impacts, productivity and cost of the new harvesting systems have not been well-assessed. This study aims to examine the effects of cable assistance on soil compaction, system productivity and cost through a field-based experiment. A harvester-forwarder system was used to thin a harvest unit on dry soils in western Oregon, with and without cable-assistance. We conducted a detailed time study during operations and collected soil measurements before and after machine passes. Machine productivity ranged from 28.75 to 92.36 m3 per scheduled machine hour, with resulting unit costs for untethered and tethered systems ranging from $13.19 to $18.13/m3. Our results showed reduced soil impacts in both extent and degree of soil compaction when cable assistance was employed. The reduced extent of soil impacts is attributed to a reduction in track wander owing to the operative tensions of the tether cable, and the smaller increase in soil density appears to be attributed to combined effects of initially denser soil conditions and reduced shear displacement as a result of cable-assistance.

Detection and quantification of soil compaction in a post-mining landscape by geophysical methods

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lutz Weihermüller ◽  
Jessica Schmäck ◽  
Mario Mertens ◽  
Manuel Endenich ◽  
Jan van der Kruk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Geophysical Methods ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Mining Company ◽  
Mining Areas ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Local Soil ◽  
Electrical Conductivities ◽  
Opencast Mines

<p>Rhenish opencast mines located in the central west of Germany have used about 330 km<sup>2</sup> of land so far. Of this, some 230 km<sup>2</sup> have been recultivated, including 125 km<sup>2</sup> of arable land. After recultivation, the land is cultivated for at least seven years by the mining company before let to the farmers. Where new farmland is envisaged, the stackers spread pure loess mixed with soil material of the original Luvisols (loess loam) at the top of the refilled mining areas. After a certain settling time, this layer must be at least two meters thick. In a next step, the loess is levelled in a soil-sparing fashion using caterpillars with extra-wide rawler tracks. Even if care is taken that the loess layer will not be heavily compacted during levelling, local soil compaction is one of the major problems, as leveling often is performed during unfavorable moist soil conditions. These local compactions lead to reduced crop growth during either wet or dry growing seasons and result in yield losses over periods of many years. Localizing and evaluating such compacted field zones would enable the mining company to perform a physical soil melioration before handing over the land to a farmer.</p><p>To identify local soil compaction, a field study was performed in 2019 on a selected field with known variability in crop performance within the recultivated area of the Garzweiler mine in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Over the course of 5 months, the field was intensively investigated using geophysical methods such as electromagnetic induction (EMI) and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT). Additionally, soil samples were taken to determine soil water contents, bulk density, penetration resistance, and soil texture.</p><p>The geophysical maps gathered, clearly show zones of higher electrical conductivities in the soil, which were associated to conventionally measured subsoil compaction. Regression of bulk densities with EMI data yielded good results allowing to map out compacted zones within the field and also to quantify compaction. Hence, geophysical methods provide a promising approach to plan soil melioration measures.</p>

scholarly journals Development of a low-cost electromechanical penetrometer to verify resistance to soil penetration

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 466-473
Author(s):  
Aldir Carpes Marques Filho ◽  
Lucas Rauen ◽  
Kléber Pereira Lanças
Keyword(s):  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Standard Equipment ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Modern Agriculture ◽  
Cost System ◽  
Resistance To Penetration ◽  
Commercial Equipment

Soil compaction is one of the great obstacles in modern agriculture. With the increase in size, weight and intensity of use of machines in crops in recent decades, the soil has suffered damage to its structure, compromising the productivity of vegetable crops. One of the ways to indirectly obtain the compaction state of the soil is through the resistance to penetration imposed by it on a standardized metal rod. Invariably, commercial equipment for this purpose is expensive. The objective of this study was to develop a low-cost system for evaluating the resistance to soil penetration, using a prototyping platform and specific sensors. The developed equipment, when compared with a calibrated standard equipment, presented a high correlation in the results of resistance to penetration in two soil conditions. The development cost of the proposed equipment was 800% lower than the average value of commercial equipment available on the market, so the measurements met the purpose of the project, showing the possibility of developing low-cost solutions through prototyping platforms, for the assessment of resistance to soil penetration.

scholarly journals Effect of Heavy Machine Traffic on Soil CO2 Concentration and Efflux in a Pinus koraiensis Thinning Stand

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1497
Author(s):  
Ikhyun Kim ◽  
Sang-Kyun Han ◽  
Mauricio Acuna ◽  
Heesung Woo ◽  
Jae-Heun Oh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Timber Harvesting ◽  
Pinus Koraiensis ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Co2 Efflux ◽  
Soil Co2 ◽  
The Impact

Mechanized timber harvesting is cost efficient and highly productive. However, mechanized harvesting operations are often associated with several environmental problems, including soil compaction and disturbance. Soil compaction impedes air circulation between the soil and atmosphere, which in turn results in increased concentrations of CO2 within soil pores. In this study, we investigated the impact of forest machine traffic on soil conditions to determine soil CO2 efflux (Fc), and soil CO2 concentrations (Sc). Field measurements included soil bulk density (BD), soil temperature (ST), soil water content (SWC), Fc, and Sc over a 3-year period at a specific thinning operation site (Hwacheon-gun) in the Gangwon Province of Korea. To assess the soil impacts associated with machine traffic, we established four machine-treatment plots (MT) characterized by different geographical and traffic conditions. The results revealed that BD, Sc, and SWC increased significantly on the disturbed track areas (p < 0.05). Furthermore, reduced soil Fc values were measured on the soil-compacted (machine disturbed) tracks in comparison with undisturbed (control) areas. Variations in BD, SWC, and Sc were significantly different among the four MT plots. Additionally, in comparison with undisturbed areas, lower Fc and higher Sc values were obtained in compacted areas with high soil temperatures.

scholarly journals Simulation of Soil Compaction by a Tractor Passing

2021 ◽  
Vol 906 (1) ◽  
pp. 012105
Author(s):  
Pavla Bukovská ◽  
Patrik Burg ◽  
Vladimir Masán ◽  
Alice Cížková
Keyword(s):  
Cyclic Loading ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Agricultural Soil ◽  
Elastic Behaviour ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Vertical Deformation ◽  
Vertical Deflection ◽  
Loading Test ◽  
Final Level ◽  
Good Potential

Abstract Several methods for agricultural soil compaction evaluation are known. However, there is a lack of knowledge about a soil elasticity, which could be an important factor for final level of compaction. The paper deals with a possibility of evaluation of soil elasticity using automatic computerized oedometer. A simulation of tractor passing was performed as a part of research focused on the monitoring of soil conditions in vineyards. Cyclic loading test of five loading cycles (loading 300 kPa and un-loading 5 kPa) was performed and vertical deflection was observed, which changed in dependency on change of vertical stress. Course of vertical deformation indicates the ability of soil to relax when the load subsides. The paper presents pilot results, that show good potential of using oedometer for soil elasticity evaluating. Information on the elastic behaviour of soil will make it possible to design and apply means for improving soil elasticity and thus help to mitigate the effects of soil compaction.

scholarly journals Crop Residues Distribution After Tillage Operations Under Controlled And Random Traffic Technology

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 88-91
Author(s):  
Miroslav Macák ◽  
Jana Galambošová ◽  
Vladimír Rataj ◽  
Martin Ingeli ◽  
Božena Vitázková ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Field Scale ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
The Us ◽  
Tillage Operation ◽  
Tillage Operations

Abstract Controlled traffic farming is a technology used to avoid soil compaction introduced by field machinery load and traffic. The benefits in improved soil conditions and yield increase were shown in Australia, the US and some parts of Europe. The use of permanent tramlines for every field operation was considered as a barrier to implementation in some parts of Europe. This was mainly due to fear from tillage quality in terms of crop residues distribution. The paper reports the results of the two-year assessment of the technology compared to traditional random traffic treatments in field scale experiments. The spring barley and oilseed rape crops were grown. Measurements were taken after the stubble breaking tillage operation with the Lemken disc harrows. Image analysis was used to calculate the distribution of crop residues. Results showed that the use of permanent tramlines has no negative influence on crop residues distribution.

Influence of Cultural Management on Compaction of a Cerrado Latosol

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Matheus Azevedo Dos Santos ◽  
Aloisio Bianchini ◽  
Pedro Silvério Xavier Pereira ◽  
Rodrigo Fernandes Daros ◽  
Matheus Santos de Deus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Soil Density ◽  
Cultural Management ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
The One ◽  
Alternative Practices

Soil compaction is a process that negatively affects the availability of water and nutrients to plants. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate alternative practices of cultural management in order to reduce soil compaction. The experimental area is located in the Foundation for Research and Technological Development Rio Verde, where 13 treatments were installed with different systems of cultural management, all rotated with soy. A randomized complete block design (DBC) was used for this experiment, with three blocks (one repetition per block), thirteen treatments and two depths of soil (0-10 cm and 10-20 cm). Physical analyzes were soil resistance to penetration, soil density, and soil moisture at the time of collection. The treatment in which the soil was stirred during the fallow period was the one that presented the lowest resistance of the soil to penetration, followed by the treatment where a mixture of cover crops was used in the second harvest, and the treatment where soybean was harvested and brachiaria in the second crop, using corn with brachiaria every two years, was the one that presented lower soil density, followed by the treatment with stirring during fallow season. Planting areas with a greater diversity of rotating plants presented as a good proposal of soil management, as they provide ideal soil conditions for the crop and for the use of rainwater or irrigation.

scholarly journals Agronomic performance of maize and Brachiaria grasses cultivated at monocropping and intercropping in a compacted Latossolo

2020 ◽  
pp. 1533-1540
Author(s):  
Aline Borges Torino ◽  
Lucas Freitas do Nascimento Júnior ◽  
Marlete Ferreira de Brito ◽  
Jordaanny Danyelly Pereira Lima ◽  
Wainer Gomes Gonçalves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Brachiaria Brizantha ◽  
Crop Season ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Physical Quality ◽  
Brachiaria Ruziziensis ◽  
Simulated Grazing

Obtaining adequate yields by intercropping maize and grasses in soils with poor physical quality is a challenge for managing crop-livestock systems in the Cerrado region. The aim of the present study was to verify the viability of maize in intercropping with Brachiaria grasses in the second crop season in a physically degraded Latossolo. The experiment was carried out in accordance with a split-plot completely randomized block design with four replications. Seven treatments (T) were evaluated in the plots: Brachiaria brizantha cv. Paiaguas (p), Brachiaria brizantha cv. Xaraes (x), Brachiaria ruziziensis (r) and maize (m) as monocrops (Tp1, Tx1, Tr1 and Tm1) and maize in intercropping with each of the three Brachiaria species (Tp2, Tx2 and Tr2). Two grass management systems were evaluated in each subplot: with (M1) and without simulated grazing (M2) of the grasses. Soil physical quality was estimated by the least limiting water range of undisturbed soil samples collected at layers of 0-0.05, 0.05-0.10 and 0.10-0.20 m. Crop agronomic yield evaluations were carried out for maize, and both the forage biomass and mulch biomass of the grasses were evaluated. Water deficit during the reproductive crop phase and soil compaction explained the low productivity observed in the experiments. The replacement of the maize crops with pasture during the second crop season is indicated in physical degradation soil conditions. Use of the Brachiaria ruziziensis grass in the intercropping system under simulated pasture grazing resulted in a satisfactory forage yield in the off-season and was the best alternative for oversowing in the intercropping systems. Mulch biomass production in intercropping systems with simulated grazing did not reach adequate amounts for soil cover, and suppression of the last cut could potentially result in increased biomass accumulation and system viability. Overall, it is recommended that maize cultivation during the second crop season in Brazil be preceded by a soil compaction diagnosis.

scholarly journals Least limiting water range in assessing compaction in a Brazilian Cerrado latosol growing sugarcane

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 432-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wainer Gomes Gonçalves ◽  
Eduardo da Costa Severiano ◽  
Fabiano Guimarães Silva ◽  
Kátia Aparecida de Pinho Costa ◽  
Wellingthon da Silva Guimarães-Junnyor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
High Water Content ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Ratoon Crop ◽  
Industrial Processing ◽  
South Central ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Least Limiting Water Range

In the south-central region of Brazil, there is a trend toward reducing the sugarcane inter-harvest period and increasing traffic of heavy harvesting machinery on soil with high water content, which may intensify the compaction process. In this study, we assessed the structural changes of a distroferric Red Latosol (Oxisol) by monitoring soil water content as a function of the Least Limiting Water Range (LLWR) and quantified its effects on the crop yield and industrial quality of the first ratoon crop of sugarcane cultivars with different maturation cycles. Three cultivars (RB 83-5054, RB 84-5210 and RB 86-7515) were subjected to four levels of soil compaction brought about by a differing number of passes of a farm tractor (T0 = soil not trafficked, T2 = 2 passes, T10 = 10 passes, and T20 = 20 passes of the tractor in the same place) in a 3 × 4 factorial arrangement with three replications. The deleterious effects on the soil structure from the farm machinery traffic were limited to the surface layer (0-10 cm) of the inter-row area of the ratoon crop. The LLWR dropped to nearly zero after 20 tractor passes between the cane rows. We detected differences among the cultivars studied; cultivar RB 86-7515 stood out for its industrial processing quality, regardless of the level of soil compaction. Monitoring of soil moisture in the crop showed exposure to water stress conditions, although soil compaction did not affect the production variables of the sugarcane cultivars. We thus conclude that the absence of traffic on the plant row maintained suitable soil conditions for plant development and may have offset the harmful effects of soil compaction shown by the high values for bulk density between the rows of the sugarcane cultivars.

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