Chapter 7: Basics of Animal Growth

2003 ◽  
pp. 7.1-7.39
Author(s):  
John S. Cundiff and Kyle R. Mankin
Keyword(s):  
Animal Growth

scholarly journals LL-E19020.ALPHA. and .BETA., animal growth promoting antibiotics: Taxonomy, fermentation and biological activity.

1989 ◽  
Vol 42 (10) ◽  
pp. 1489-1493 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. M. MAIESE ◽  
M. P. LECHEVALIER ◽  
H. A. LECHEVALIER ◽  
J. KORSHALLA ◽  
J. GOODMAN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Animal Growth ◽  
Growth Promoting

scholarly journals 224 A method for estimating the target for protein energy retention in sheep

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 143-143
Author(s):  
Holland C Dougherty ◽  
Hutton Oddy ◽  
Mark Evered ◽  
James W Oltjen
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Protein Mass ◽  
Reference Weight ◽  
Animal Growth

Abstract Target protein mass at maturity is a common “attractor” used in animal models to derive components of animal growth. This target muscle protein at maturity, M*, is used as a driver of a model of animal growth and body composition with pools representing muscle and visceral protein; where viscera is heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, reticulorumen and gastrointestinal tract; and muscle is non-visceral protein. This M* term then drives changes in protein mass and heat production, based on literature data stating that heat production scales linearly with protein mass but not liveweight. This led us to adopt a modelling approach where energy utilization is directly related to protein content of the animal, and energy not lost as heat or deposited as protein is fat. To maintain continuity with existing feeding systems we estimate M* from Standard Reference Weight (SRW) as follows: M* (kJ) = SRW * SHRINK * (1-FMAT) * (MUSC) * (CPM)* 23800. Where SRW is standard reference weight (kg), SHRINK is the ratio of empty body to live weight (0.86), FMAT is proportion of fat in the empty body at maturity (0.30), MUSC is the proportion of empty body protein that is in muscle (0.85), CPM is the crude protein content of fat-free muscle at maturity (0.21), and 23800 is the energetic content (kJ) of a kilogram of crude protein. Values for SHRINK, FMAT, MUSC and CPM were derived from a synthesis of our own experimental data and the literature. For sheep, these values show M* to be: M* (kJ) = SRW * 0.86* (1-0.3) * 0.85 * 0.21 *23800 = SRW * 2557. This method allows for use of existing knowledge regarding standard reference weight and other parameters in estimating target muscle mass at maturity, as part of a model of body composition and performance in ruminants.

scholarly journals The Potential Utilization of High-Fiber Agricultural By-Products as Monogastric Animal Feed and Feed Additives: A Review

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 2098
Author(s):  
Wen-Yang Chuang ◽  
Li-Jen Lin ◽  
Hsin-Der Shih ◽  
Yih-Min Shy ◽  
Shang-Chang Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Fiber ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Health It ◽  
High Fiber ◽  
Monogastric Animal ◽  
Animal Growth ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
By Products

With the increase in world food demand, the output of agricultural by-products has also increased. Agricultural by-products not only contain more than 50% dietary fiber but are also rich in functional metabolites such as polyphenol (including flavonoids), that can promote animal health. The utilization of dietary fibers is closely related to their types and characteristics. Contrary to the traditional cognition that dietary fiber reduces animal growth, it can promote animal growth and maintain intestinal health, and even improve meat quality when added in moderate amounts. In addition, pre-fermenting fiber with probiotics or enzymes in a controlled environment can increase dietary fiber availability. Although the use of fiber has a positive effect on animal health, it is still necessary to pay attention to mycotoxin contamination. In summary, this report collates the fiber characteristics of agricultural by-products and their effects on animal health and evaluates the utilization value of agricultural by-products.

Growth Models with Corrections for the Retardative Effects of Tagging

1994 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongshun Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Growth Models ◽  
Simulated Data ◽  
Fish Growth ◽  
Lates Calcarifer ◽  
General Utility ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Length Increment ◽  
Animal Growth ◽  
Special Case

Length increment data from mark–recapture experiments are commonly used to obtain information on animal growth, assuming that tagging does not affect the growth of marked animals. The assumption is violated in many studies, but the effects of tagging on growth and estimates of growth parameters have not been and cannot be examined without appropriate models. This paper describes a model allowing quantification and estimation of the retarding effects of tagging on animal growth simultaneously with growth parameters in all existing growth models, reduction or elimination of biases in growth parameters induced by tagging, and relaxation of a key assumption in growth analysis using length increment data. A special case of this model was applied to simulated data and to tagging data from a centropomid perch (Lates calcarifer) to demonstrate its general utility. Tagging was inferred to have stopped the fish growth for 36.44 d (ASE = 12.70 d) if von Bertalanffy growth is assumed, but the period of recovery from tagging seemed size or age independent within the size range studied. If tagging retards animal growth, L∞ is slightly overestimated and K underestimated for unbiased data. Potential applications and limitations of the model are also discussed.

scholarly journals Phosphorylation of the mitochondrial triphosphate tunnel metalloenzyme TTM1 regulates programmed cell death in senescence

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Purva Karia ◽  
Keiko Yoshioka ◽  
Wolfgang Moeder
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Programmed Cell Death ◽  
Map Kinases ◽  
Mitochondrial Protein ◽  
Mitochondrial Outer Membrane ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein ◽  
Animal Growth ◽  
Triphosphate Tunnel Metalloenzyme

ABSTRACTThe role of mitochondria in programmed cell death (PCD) during animal growth and development is well documented, but much less is known for plants. We previously showed that the Arabidopsis thaliana triphosphate tunnel metalloenzyme (TTM) proteins TTM1 and TTM2 are tail-anchored proteins that localize in the mitochondrial outer membrane and participate in PCD during senescence and immunity, respectively. Here, we show that TTM1 is specifically involved in senescence induced by abscisic acid (ABA). Moreover, phosphorylation of TTM1 by multiple mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) regulates its function and turnover. A combination of proteomics and in vitro kinase assays revealed three major phosphorylation sites of TTM1 (S10, S437, and S490), which are phosphorylated upon perception of senescence cues such as ABA and prolonged darkness. S437 is phosphorylated by the MAP kinases MPK3 and MPK4, and S437 phosphorylation is essential for TTM1 function in senescence. These MPKs, together with three additional MAP kinases (MPK1, MPK7, and MPK6), phosphorylate S10 and S490, marking TTM1 for protein turnover, which likely prevents uncontrolled cell death. Taken together, our results show that multiple MPKs regulate the function and turnover of the mitochondrial protein TTM1 during senescence-related PCD, revealing a novel link between mitochondria and PCD.SummaryEmail addresses: [email protected]

scholarly journals 389 Interactions between zinc, copper, and growth promoting technologies in beef cattle

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 168-169
Author(s):  
Olivia N Genther-Schroeder ◽  
Remy N Carmichael ◽  
Elizabeth M Messersmith ◽  
Katherine Hochmuth ◽  
Elisabeth Lonergan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Beef Industry ◽  
Finishing Cattle ◽  
Biochemical Processes ◽  
Feedlot Steers ◽  
Current State ◽  
Animal Growth ◽  
Growth Promoting ◽  
Anabolic Implants

Abstract Trace minerals (TM) are required for many biochemical processes and support optimal animal growth. However, as animal genetics and feed technologies in the beef industry have advanced, our understanding of the TM requirements of modern cattle has lagged. Recently, Zn and Cu have emerged as potential targets for better understanding the interaction between nutrition and growth-promoting technologies like anabolic implants and β-agonists (BA). Both Zn and Cu are phosphodiesterase inhibitors, potentially maintaining cAMP concentrations, potentiating the BA signal. Zinc supplementation well above national recommendations can improve ADG or HCW in finishing cattle during the BA feeding period, and N retention is increased by both Zn and BA supplementation, suggesting a major role for Zn is in protein accretion. Interestingly, Cu status of feedlot steers appears to affect ADG during the BA period, where steers with moderate liver Cu and 10 mg Cu/kg diet DM gaining more than steers with high or low Cu status. Anabolic implants likely improve growth through altering protein deposition, degradation and satellite cell proliferation, processes that can be linked to Cu and Zn metalloproteins. Implanting cattle decreases both plasma and liver Zn, and heifers receiving a long-lasting implant had greater HCW when supplemented with 100 mg Zn/kg DM when compared with 30 mg Zn/kg DM. It is apparent Cu status and supplementation also affect the response to hormone implants. Steers supplemented with 20 mg Cu/kg DM had greater liver Cu concentrations and a lesser response to an implant than steers supplemented with 10 mg Cu/kg DM. Current state of knowledge suggests TM status and diet concentrations can impact the response to growth promoting technologies. Much remains to be learned about cattle requirements for dietary TM, and the appropriate TM concentrations to optimize feedlot cattle performance.

scholarly journals Serotonergic neuron ribosomes regulate the neuroendocrine control of Drosophila development.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa P Deliu ◽  
Deeshpaul Jadir ◽  
Abhishek Ghosh ◽  
Savraj S Grewal
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Delay ◽  
Ribosomal Proteins ◽  
Growth Control ◽  
Prothoracic Gland ◽  
Neuroendocrine Control ◽  
Ribosomal Function ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Animal Growth ◽  
Main Regulator ◽  
Mechanism Of Growth

The regulation of ribosome function is a conserved mechanism of growth control. While studies in single cell systems have defined how ribosomes contribute to cell growth, the mechanisms that link ribosome function to organismal growth are less clear. Here we explore this issue using Drosophila Minutes, a class of heterozygous mutants for ribosomal proteins (Rps). These animals exhibit a delay in larval development caused by decreased production of the steroid hormone ecdysone, the main regulator of larval maturation. We found that this developmental delay is not caused by decreases in either global ribosome numbers or translation rates. Instead, we show that they are due in part to loss of Rp function specifically in a subset of serotonin (5-HT) neurons that innervate the prothoracic gland to control ecdysone production. We found that these 5-HT neurons have defective secretion in Minute animals, and that overexpression of synaptic vesicle proteins in 5-HTergic cells can partially reverse the Minute developmental delay. These results identify a cell-specific role for ribosomal function in the neuroendocrine control of animal growth and development.

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