Effect of Tillage on Surface Runoff and Soil Loss from Cotton

1987 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 0166-0168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyung H. Yoo ◽  
J. T. Touchton ◽  
R. H. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Runoff And Soil Loss

scholarly journals Effects of gravel-sand mulch on the runoff, erosion, and nutrient losses in the Loess Plateau of north-western China under simulated rainfall

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 22-28
Author(s):  
Yang Qiu ◽  
Xinping Wang ◽  
Zhongkui Xie ◽  
Yajun Wang
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Western China ◽  
Nutrient Losses ◽  
Gravel Mulch ◽  
Runoff And Soil Loss ◽  
North Western ◽  
Fine Gravel

Gravel mulching is a characteristic agricultural technique that has been used for hundreds of years in the north-western Loess Plateau of China. However, the effects of the gravel-sand mulch on the processes of the runoff, soil erosion, and nutrient losses are neither fully distinguished nor even known in many parts of the world. This study investigated how different gravel particle sizes in the mulch affected the runoff, erosion as well as the extent of the nutrient losses in the surface runoff. The laboratory experiments were conducted using a rainfall simulator with three gravel mulch treatments: (1) fine gravel mulch (FG); (2) medium gravel mulch (MG); (3) coarse gravel mulch (CG) and a control group, bare soil (BS). The results of these rainfall simulation experiments gave estimates on how the grain size influences the runoff and losses of the soil and its nutrients. Applying the gravel mulch significantly delayed the runoff’s starting time when compared with the bare soil. Both the total runoff and soil loss increased with the grain size of the gravel mulch. Compared with the bare soil, the lowest surface runoff and soil loss was observed from the fine gravel treatment. These results clearly show that gravel mulch plays an important role in the runoff and sediment generation processes, and that it significantly reduces the surface runoff and soil loss. The losses of the total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and total organic carbon (TOC) from the bare soil were much higher than those under the gravel mulching. The fluctuations in these nutrient-loss processes were the most intense in the CG treatment, while the TC content, in initial runoff, was significantly higher in the FG than the other treatments. Our findings suggest gravel mulch is a useful water and soil conservation technique in the loess area of north-western China, and these results can inform one on the theoretical principles for properly utilising gravel-mulched fields.

scholarly journals Effect Of Rice Straw Mulch on Surface Runoff and Soil Loss in Agricultural Land Under Simulated Rainfall

2021 ◽  
Vol 930 (1) ◽  
pp. 012007
Author(s):  
R Haribowo ◽  
R Asmaranto ◽  
L T W N Kusuma ◽  
B G Amrina
Keyword(s):  
Rice Straw ◽  
Sediment Yield ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Sediment Yields ◽  
Straw Mulch ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Runoff And Soil Loss

Abstract Installation of mulch on agricultural land, besides reducing weed growth, can also protect the soil surface from rain and erosion. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of rice straw mulch in reducing surface runoff and soil loss before entering the river. The experimental soil materials were similar to those in Sumber Brantas village, Bumiaji Sub-District, Batu. Runoff modelling utilized the Armfield S12 Rainfall Simulator - Advanced Environmental Hydrology System, with rainfall of 1 and 1.7 l/min. Land with rice straw mulch was compared to land without mulch. The land slope was adjusted to study area conditions, with mild (9%) and steep (15%) slopes. The three-Way ANOVA method was utilized for statistical analysis. In all the experimental runs, it was found that straw mulch effectively reduced the sediment yields that could enter the river area by more than 50%. The results of ANOVA analysis on sediment yield also showed that the significance value of the interactions between slope, rain intensity, and mulch usage was 0 (p<0.05). These results show that the difference in variations in these three factors determines the sediment yield that occurs. In the future, comparing straw mulch with other materials to cover agricultural land should be conducted.

scholarly journals Evaluating the Effectiveness of Mulching for Reducing Soil Erosion in Cut Slope and Fill Slope of Forest Roads in Hyrcanian Forests

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-268
Author(s):  
Ahmad Solgi ◽  
Ramin Naghdi ◽  
Eric K. Zenner ◽  
Vahid Hemmati ◽  
Frashad Keivan Behjou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Cut Slope ◽  
Forest Roads ◽  
Runoff Volume ◽  
Side Slope ◽  
Cut Slopes ◽  
Runoff And Soil Loss ◽  
Mulch Cover ◽  
Fill Slope

Forest operations often enhance runoff and soil loss in roads and skid trails, where cut slopes and fill slopes are the most important source of sediment. This study evaluated the effectiveness of four erosion control treatments applied to cut slope and fill slope segments of forest roads of different ages in the Hyrcanian forest in northern Iran. The treatment combinations, each replicated three times, included four classes of mulch cover (bare soil [BS], wood chips cover [WCH], sawdust cover [SC], and rice straw cover [RSC]), two levels of side slope (cut slope and fill slope), two levels of side slope gradient (20–25% and 40–45%), and three levels of road age (three, 10 and 20 years after construction). Mulch cover treatments significantly reduced average surface runoff volume and sediment yield compared to BS. Regardless of erosion control treatment, greater surface runoff volume and soil loss under natural rainfall occurred on steeper slope gradients in all road age classes and decreased with increasing road age on both slope gradients. On cut slopes, average runoff and soil loss from the plots covered with WCH (17.63 l per plot, 2.43 g m–2) was lower than from those covered with SC (22.81 l per plot, 3.50 g m–2), which was lower than from those covered with RSC (29.13 l per plot, 4.41 g m–2 and BS (34.61 l per plot, 4.94 g m–2). On fill slopes, average runoff and soil loss from the plots covered with WCH (14.13 l per plot, 1.99 g m–2) was lower than from plots covered with SC (20.01 l per plot, 3.23 g m–2), which was lower than from plots covered with RSC (24.52 l per plot, 4.06 g m–2) and BS (29.03 l per plot, 4.47 g m–2). Surface cover successfully controlled erosion losses following road construction, particularly on steep side slopes with high erosion potential.

scholarly journals Understory Limits Surface Runoff and Soil Loss in Teak Tree Plantations of Northern Lao PDR

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Layheang Song ◽  
Laurie Boithias ◽  
Oloth Sengtaheuanghoung ◽  
Chantha Oeurng ◽  
Christian Valentin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Lao Pdr ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Tree Plantations ◽  
Runoff Coefficient ◽  
Teak Tree ◽  
Runoff And Soil Loss

Many mountainous regions of the humid tropics experience serious soil erosion following rapid changes in land use. In northern Lao People’s Democratic Republic (PDR), the replacement of traditional crops by tree plantations, such as teak trees, has led to a dramatic increase in floods and soil loss and to the degradation of basic soil ecosystem services such as water filtration by soil, fertility maintenance, etc. In this study, we hypothesized that conserving understory under teak trees would protect soil, limit surface runoff, and help reduce soil erosion. Using 1 m2 microplots installed in four teak tree plantations in northern Lao PDR over the rainy season of 2017, this study aimed to: (1) assess the effects on surface runoff and soil loss of four understory management practices, namely teak with no understory (TNU; control treatment), teak with low density of understory (TLU), teak with high density of understory (THU), and teak with broom grass, Thysanolaena latifolia (TBG); (2) suggest soil erosion mitigation management practices; and (3) identify a field visual indicator allowing a rapid appraisal of soil erosion intensity. We monitored surface runoff and soil loss, and measured teak tree and understory characteristics (height and percentage of cover) and soil surface features. We estimated the relationships among these variables through statistics and regression analyses. THU and TBG had the smallest runoff coefficient (23% for both) and soil loss (465 and 381 g·m−2, respectively). The runoff coefficient and soil loss in TLU were 35% and 1115 g·m−2, respectively. TNU had the highest runoff coefficient and soil loss (60%, 5455 g·m−2) associated to the highest crusting rate (82%). Hence, the soil loss in TBG was 14-times less than in TNU and teak tree plantation owners could divide soil loss by 14 by keeping understory, such as broom grass, within teak tree plantations. Indeed, a high runoff coefficient and soil loss in TNU was explained by the kinetic energy of rain drops falling from the broad leaves of the tall teak trees down to bare soil, devoid of plant residues, thus leading to severe soil surface crusting and soil detachment. The areal percentage of pedestal features was a reliable indicator of soil erosion intensity. Overall, promoting understory, such as broom grass, in teak tree plantations would: (1) limit surface runoff and improve soil infiltrability, thus increase soil water stock available for both root absorption and groundwater recharge; and (2) mitigate soil loss while favoring soil fertility conservation.

Effects of length and application rate of rice straw mulch on surface runoff and soil loss under laboratory simulated rainfall

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Misagh Parhizkar ◽  
Mahmood Shabanpour ◽  
Manuel Esteban Lucas-Borja ◽  
Demetrio Antonio Zema ◽  
Siyue Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rice Straw ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Simulated Rainfall ◽  
Straw Mulch ◽  
Runoff And Soil Loss

scholarly journals Relationship between Rainfall, Surface Runoff and Soil Loss on an Experimental Farm in the Middle Belt of Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 122-139
Author(s):  
J A Aper ◽  
S A Iorkua ◽  
N J Akegh
Keyword(s):  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Soil Productivity ◽  
Rain Events ◽  
Correlation Statistics ◽  
Runoff And Soil Loss ◽  
Experimental Plots ◽  
Agricultural Production Systems

Rainfall induced depletion of soil nutrients resulting from runoff and soil erosion are a main threat for agricultural lands, tending to reducing soil fertility, soil productivity and eventually leading to the un-sustainability of agricultural production systems. It is based on the problems associated with soil loss that the required mulch type, mulch cover and slope of the farming field need to be properly investigated and determined. This research therefore analyzed surface runoff and soil loss under different mulch treatment at a farm site in Benue State, in the middle-belt region of Nigeria. The main aim is to analyze the effect of varied mulching will have on runoff and soil loss volumes resulting from rainfall and examine the implication of the results on soil management practice in the region. Experimental plots of 20m long by 3m wide were carved out with an outlet down slope of 1.5m2 (20m×3m+1.5m2 = 61.5m2 ) were bordered with corrugated iron sheets and inserted with runoff and soil loss receptors. The experimental plots were treated with weighted organic materials (mulching, in tons) and planted with maize with plots of zero (0) tons as control (T1). The maize planted was spaced 25cm on row and 75cm on columns. The experimental plots were replicated and symbolized as (T1) = bare surface (0 tons A, B and C), (T2) = surface mulch +maize (4 tons A, B and C) and (T3)= surface mulch + maize (8 tons A, B and C). Rainfall data was collected over ten (10) rain events and runoff and soil loss measurements was analyzed with using correlation statistics, variability and regression. The results show that 96.14% runoff occurs on T1, 3.22% and 0.63% runs off on the T2 and T3 respectively with corresponding 193.7kg, 3.1kg and 0.5kg soil loss. The study finds out that mulching reduces simultaneously both runoff and soil loss in the region. The amount rainfall only has no significant effect on amount of runoff and volume of soil loss. The study revealed that, surface cover combined with simple cropping controls runoff and soil loss by 67% and 61% respectively. This will be useful to farmers in addition to the fact that mulching also has a collateral benefit of stimulating microbial activities and regulating soil moisture and temperature.

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