Evolution of a Linear Variable Intensity Rainfall Simulator for Surface Hydrology and Erosion Studies

2010 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. D. Norton ◽  
R. Savabi
Keyword(s):  
Surface Hydrology ◽  
Variable Intensity ◽  
Rainfall Simulator

scholarly journals Development and testing of a large, transportable rainfall simulator for plot-scale runoff and parameter estimation

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 4169-4183 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. G. Wilson ◽  
C. Cortis ◽  
N. Montaldo ◽  
J. D. Albertson
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Water Retention Curve ◽  
Soil Water Retention Curve ◽  
Soil Water Retention ◽  
Variable Intensity ◽  
Rainfall Simulator

Abstract. There is increased interest in the interplay between vegetation conditions and overland flow generation. The literature is unclear on this relationship, and there is little quantitative guidance for modeling efforts. Therefore, experimental efforts are needed, and these call for a lightweight transportable plot-scale (>10 m2) rainfall simulator that can be deployed quickly and quickly redeployed over various vegetation cover conditions. Accordingly, a variable-intensity rainfall simulator and collection system was designed and tested in the laboratory and in the field. The system was tested with three configurations of common pressure washing nozzles producing rainfall intensities of 62, 43, and 32 mm h-1 with uniformity coefficients of 76, 65, and 62%, respectively, over a plot of 15.12 m2. Field tests were carried out on a grassy field with silt–loam soil in Orroli, Sardinia, in July and August 2010, and rainfall, soil moisture, and runoff data were collected. The two-term Philip infiltration model was used to find optimal values for the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the soil surface and bulk soil, soil water retention curve slope, and air entry suction head. Optimized hydraulic conductivity values were similar to both the measured final infiltration rate and literature values for saturated hydraulic conductivity. This inexpensive (less than USD 1000) rainfall simulator can therefore be used to identify field parameters needed for hydrologic modeling.

scholarly journals Development and testing of a large, transportable rainfall simulator for plot-scale runoff and parameter estimation

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 4267-4310
Author(s):  
T. G. Wilson ◽  
C. Cortis ◽  
N. Montaldo ◽  
J. D. Albertson
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Water Retention Curve ◽  
Soil Water Retention Curve ◽  
Soil Water Retention ◽  
Variable Intensity ◽  
Rainfall Simulator

Abstract. There is increased interest in the interplay between vegetation conditions and overland flow generation. The literature is unclear on this relationship and there is little quantitative guidance for modeling efforts. Therefore, experimental efforts are needed and these call for a lightweight transportable plot-scale (>10 m2) rainfall simulator that can be deployed quickly and quickly redeployed over various vegetation cover conditions. Accordingly, a variable intensity rainfall simulator and collection system was designed and tested in the laboratory and in the field. The system was tested with three configurations of common pressure washing nozzles producing rainfall intensities of 62, 43, and 32 mm h−1 with uniformity coefficients of 76, 65, and 62, respectively, over a plot of 15.12 m2. Field tests were carried out in on a grassy field with silt-loam soil in Orroli, Sardinia in July and August 2010, and rainfall, soil moisture, and runoff data were collected. The two-term Philip infiltration model was used to find optimal values for the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the soil surface and bulk soil, soil water retention curve slope, and air entry suction head. Optimized hydraulic conductivity values were comparable to both the measured final infiltration rate and literature values for saturated hydraulic conductivity. This inexpensive rainfall simulator can therefore be used to identify field parameters needed for hydrologic modeling.

THE WALNUT GULCH RAINFALL SIMULATOR: A COMPUTER-CONTROLLED VARIABLE INTENSITY RAINFALL SIMULATOR

2004 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. B. Paige ◽  
J. J. Stone ◽  
J. R. Smith ◽  
J. R. Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
Variable Intensity ◽  
Rainfall Simulator ◽  
Computer Controlled ◽  
Walnut Gulch

Suggestion for the Optimum Operating Methods of Rainfall Simulator through the Analysis of Raindrop’s Characteristics

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-60
Author(s):  
Jin Kwan Kim ◽  
Jae Won Kang ◽  
Gwan Soo Jeong ◽  
Hoon Choi ◽  
Min Seok Kim
Keyword(s):  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Rainfall Simulator ◽  
Operating Methods

scholarly journals A rainfall simulator using porous pipes as drop former

CATENA ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 200 ◽  
pp. 105101
Author(s):  
Lionel Cottenot ◽  
Pierre Courtemanche ◽  
Amina Nouhou-Bako ◽  
Frédéric Darboux
Keyword(s):  
Rainfall Simulator

scholarly journals Measuring implanted patient response to tone pips

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan M. Cornejo ◽  
Agar K. Quintana ◽  
Nohra E. Beltran ◽  
Pilar Granados
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Nerve ◽  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Electrical Potential ◽  
Electrical Current ◽  
Intensity Level ◽  
Electromyographic Activity ◽  
Variable Intensity ◽  
Electrode Current ◽  
Auditory Behavior

Abstract Background An electrical potential not previously reported—electrical cochlear response (ECR)—observed only in implanted patients is described. Its amplitude and growth slope are a measurement of the stimulation achieved by a tone pip on the auditory nerve. The stimulation and recording system constructed for this purpose, the features of this potential obtained in a group of 43 children, and its possible clinical use are described. The ECR is obtained by averaging the EEG epochs acquired each time the cochlear implant (CI) processes a tone pip of known frequency and intensity when the patient is sleeping and using the CI in everyday mode. The ECR is sensitive to tone pip intensity level, microphone sensitivity, sound processor gain, dynamic range of electrical current, and responsiveness to electrical current of the auditory nerve portion involved with the electrode under test. It allows individual evaluation of intracochlear electrodes by choosing, one at the time, the central frequency of the electrode as the test tone pip frequency, so the ECR measurement due to a variable intensity tone pip allows to establish the suitability of the dynamic range of the electrode current. Results There is a difference in ECR measurements when patients are grouped based on their auditory behavior. The ECR slope and amplitude for the Sensitive group is 0.2 μV/dBHL and 10 μV at 50 dBHL compared with 0.04 μV/dBHL and 3 μV at 50dBHL for the Inconsistent group. The clinical cases show that adjusting the dynamic range of current based on the ECR improved the patient’s auditory behavior. Conclusions ECR can be recorded regardless of the artifact due to the electromyographic activity of the patient and the functioning of the CI. Its amplitude and growth slope versus the intensity of the stimulus differs between electrodes. The relationship between minimum ECR detection intensity level and auditory threshold suggests the possibility of estimating patient auditory thresholds this way. ECR does not depend on the subject’s age, cooperation, or health status. It can be obtained at any time after implant surgery and the test procedure is the same regardless of device manufacturer.

scholarly journals Future continental summer warming constrained by the present-day seasonal cycle of surface hydrology

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
F. M. Selten ◽  
R. Bintanja ◽  
R. Vautard ◽  
B. J. J. M. van den Hurk
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Cycle ◽  
Surface Hydrology ◽  
Summer Warming
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