Comparison of Three Techniques for Determining Ammonia Emission Fluxes from Broiler Litter

2008 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 1783-1790 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Liu ◽  
L. Wang ◽  
D. B. Beasley
Keyword(s):  
Ammonia Emission ◽  
Broiler Litter ◽  
Emission Fluxes

Evaluation of a Simple, Small-Plot Meteorological Technique for Measurement of Ammonia Emission: Feasibility, Costs, and Recommendations

2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Vilms Pedersen ◽  
Ester Scotto di Perta ◽  
Sasha D. Hafner ◽  
Andreas S. Pacholski ◽  
Sven G. Sommer
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Surface Characteristics ◽  
Wind Tunnels ◽  
Ammonia Emission ◽  
Emission Measurement ◽  
Flux Chamber ◽  
Emission Fluxes ◽  
Small Plot ◽  
Gas Washing ◽  
The Cost

Abstract. Ammonia emission reduces the reliability and nitrogen (N) fertilizer efficiency of animal manure and mineral fertilizers applied to fields. The loss of ammonia to the atmosphere is frequently compensated for by costly over-application of N fertilizers. New technologies to reduce ammonia emission are regularly developed, and their efficacy needs to be tested using accurate methods. To date, a major obstacle to many available emission measurement techniques is the requirement of large plot sizes of homogeneous surface characteristics, which particularly is a challenge to the number of plot-level replicates that can be carried out on a field providing uniform surface characteristics throughout. The objectives of this research were to test three different methods for measuring NH3 flux when applied to small plots (<315 m2) by comparison with conventional micrometeorological methods and to determine the labor intensity and expenses related to the respective methods in their entirety. The integrated horizontal flux (IHF) method and the ZINST method were used with passive flux Leuning samplers as micrometeorological reference methods. As examples of conventional small-plot emission measurement techniques, wind tunnels measuring gas-phase ammonia using ALPHA passive diffusion samplers and a flux chamber method using Dräger tubes for measurements of ammonia concentration (DTM) were used. As an inexpensive alternative small-plot method, we studied the feasibility of applying ALPHA passive diffusion samplers and battery-driven cup anemometers at ZINST height on small source areas (<315 m2), coupled with a backward Lagrangian stochastic (bLS) dispersion model to calculate emission fluxes (referred to as the AbLS method). When exposure duration was appropriate and weather conditions were not extreme, tests showed no significant difference in NH3 emission fluxes measured with AbLS, compared to those obtained with IHF and ZINST using Leuning samplers. However, the AbLS method did not give reliable emission measurements in periods with high wind speeds and heavy rain. It was also shown that the AbLS method provided valid results when reducing the plot radius from the standard 20 m to 10 m, or even 5 m, provided that the ALPHA samplers were exposed for at least 5 or 6 h. Emission from 200 kg urea-N ha-1 was between 20 and 30 kg N ha-1 in the two trials. The cost for one study running for one week using the ZINST or bLS methodology, including equipment for four plots and eight measurement intervals, was $2785 if horizontal fluxes were measured using the ALPHA samplers, compared to $12,301 using the Leuning samplers and $13,928 using gas washing bottles. Using the DTM flux chamber method once is a little more expensive than using the AbLS method, but less expensive if the cost of purchasing the equipment is distributed over five studies in five years. Using wind tunnels is as costly as measuring emissions with the Leuning samplers or gas washing bottles using the bLS or ZINST method. Keywords: ALPHA samplers, Ammonia emission, AbLS, bLS method, DTM method, IHF method, Labor cost, Passive ammonia samplers, Wind tunnels.

Validation and Uncertainty Analysis of an Ammonia Emission Model for Broiler Litter

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zifei Liu ◽  
Lingjuan Wang ◽  
David B Beasley ◽  
Sanjay B Shah
Keyword(s):  
Uncertainty Analysis ◽  
Ammonia Emission ◽  
Emission Model ◽  
Broiler Litter

Gridded Ammonia Emission Fluxes in Japan

1995 ◽  
pp. 1915-1920 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kentaro Murano ◽  
Shiro Hatakeyama ◽  
Tsuguo Mizoguchi ◽  
Naomi Kuba
Keyword(s):  
Ammonia Emission ◽  
Emission Fluxes

Estimation of ammonia emission episodes for a national inventory using a farmer survey and probable number of field working days

2007 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. Sheppard ◽  
R. De Jong ◽  
M. I. Sheppard ◽  
S. Bittman ◽  
M. S. Beaulieu
Keyword(s):  
Field Work ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Ammonia Emission ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Base Case ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Emission Fluxes ◽  
Working Day ◽  
Landscape Units

Emissions of ammonia (NH3) and odor from livestock operations, and particularly from the landspreading of manure, are an issue from many aspects. Regional and national issues include production of inhalable aerosols (PM2.5), where NH3 from agriculture is a critical precursor. This process is episodic. As a result, it is important to characterize the episodic nature of NH3 emissions. This paper addresses the fact that weather and soil conditions can focus manure landspreading into a relatively few days each year. The Versatile Soil Moisture Budget (VSMB) was used with 30 yr of weather data on 2576 soil landscape units in Canada to estimate the number of days in each month when manure spreading would be possible. In addition, a national survey of about 3100 livestock farmers was used to quantify common practice. The stochastic information from the VSMB and the survey were applied to an NH3 emissions model. The base case, invoked by most national NH3 emission inventory calculations, is that emissions are uniformly distributed throughout each month. The result of our study was that daily NH3 emission fluxes could be up to 20-fold higher in the spring and fall months when manure landspreading is common but when weather and soil conditions limit the number of days available for field work. This has direct implications for estimating the role of agricultural NH3 on the episodic production of PM2.5, and this approach also has application to odor management. Key words: Modeling, livestock, emission factor, odor, NH3, field working day

Ammonia Emission Factors from Broiler Litter in Barns, in Storage, and after Land Application

2011 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 1395-1404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip A. Moore ◽  
Dana Miles ◽  
Robert Burns ◽  
Dan Pote ◽  
Kess Berg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emission Factors ◽  
Land Application ◽  
Ammonia Emission ◽  
Broiler Litter

Gridded ammonia emission fluxes in Japan

1995 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
pp. 1915-1920 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kentaro Murano ◽  
Shiro Hatakeyama ◽  
Tsuguo Mizoguchi ◽  
Naomi Kuba
Keyword(s):  
Ammonia Emission ◽  
Emission Fluxes

scholarly journals Evaluation of the fertilizer and contamination potential of different broiler litter types subjected to various use cycles

2015 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 7637-7646 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Lucía Zapata Marín ◽  
Ilda De Fátima Ferreira Tinôco ◽  
Jairo Alexander Osorio Saraz ◽  
Cecilia De Fátima Souza ◽  
María De Fatima Araujo Vieira
Keyword(s):  
Present Experiment ◽  
Ammonia Emission ◽  
Broiler Litter ◽  
Coffee Husk ◽  
Wood Shavings ◽  
Wood Shaving ◽  
Carbon Nitrogen Ratio ◽  
Nitrogen Ratio

The aim of this study was to evaluate two types of poultry bedding litter (wood shavings and coffee husks) with increasing use cycles, the best time to proceed with composting based on the carbon/nitrogen ratio and the ability to generate ammonia. The results obtained with the present experiment conditions indicated that the litter with wood shavings in the first cycle and the litter with coffee husks in the first and second cycles presented the best behavior in terms of the C/N ratio needed for later use as compost. In regards to the contamination potential, it was found that increasing the number of reutilizations for both the wood-shaving and coffee-husk litters resulted in a greater ammonia emission.

scholarly journals Ammonia emission measurements of an intensively grazed pasture

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (14) ◽  
pp. 4593-4608 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl Voglmeier ◽  
Markus Jocher ◽  
Christoph Häni ◽  
Christof Ammann
Keyword(s):  
Dispersion Model ◽  
Ammonia Emission ◽  
N Budget ◽  
Balanced Diet ◽  
Grazed Pasture ◽  
Nh3 Emission ◽  
Emission Fluxes ◽  
Zero Values ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Protein Rich

Abstract. The quantification of ammonia (NH3) emissions is still a challenge and the corresponding emission factor for grazed pastures is uncertain. This study presents NH3 emission measurements of two pasture systems in western Switzerland over the entire grazing season 2016. During the measurement campaign, each pasture system was grazed by 12 dairy cows in an intensive rotational management. The cow herds on the two pastures differed in the energy to protein balance of the diet. NH3 concentrations were measured upwind and downwind of a grazed subplot with line-integrating open path instruments that were able to retrieve small horizontal concentration differences (< 0.2 µg NH3 m−3). The NH3 emission fluxes were calculated by applying a backward Lagrangian stochastic (bLS) dispersion model to the difference of paired concentration measurements and ranged from 0 to 2.5 µg N–NH3 m−2 s−1. The fluxes increased steadily during a grazing interval from previous non-significant values to reach maximum emissions at the end of the grazing interval. Afterwards they decreased exponentially to near zero-values within 3–5 days. A default emission curve was calculated for each of the two systems and adopted to each rotation in order to account for missing data values and to estimate inflow disturbances due to grazing on upwind paddocks. Dung and cow location were monitored to account for the non-negligible inhomogeneity of cow excreta on the pasture. The average emission (± SD of individual rotation values) per grazing hour was calculated as 0.64±0.11 g N–NH3 cow−1 h−1 for the herd with the N-balanced diet (system M) and 1.07±0.06 g N–NH3 cow−1 h−1 for the herd with the protein-rich grass-only diet (system G). Surveys of feed intake, body weight and milk yield of the cow herds were used to estimate the nitrogen (N) excretion by an animal N budget model. Based on that, mean relative emission factors of 6.4±2.0 % and 8.7±2.7 % of the applied urine N were found for the systems M and G, respectively. The results can be used to validate the Swiss national emission inventory and demonstrate the positive effect of an N-balanced diet on pasture NH3 emissions.

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