scholarly journals Transmission Curves of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Nematoda : Aphelenchoididae) from Its Vector, Monochamus alternatus (Coleoptera : Cerambycidae), to Pine Trees with Reference to Population Performance

1985 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 246-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katsumi TOGASHI
Keyword(s):  
Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽  
Monochamus Alternatus ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Population Performance

Boarding abilities of Bursaphelenchus mucronatus and B. xylophilus (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) on Monochamus alternatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

Nematology ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 843-849 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shota Jikumaru ◽  
Katsumi Togashi
Keyword(s):  
Pine Wilt Disease ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽  
Insect Vector ◽  
Species Replacement ◽  
Monochamus Alternatus ◽  
Bursaphelenchus Mucronatus ◽  
Initial Load ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Bursaphelenchus mucronatus is closely related to Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the causative agent of pine wilt disease. Both nematodes are transmitted between host pine trees as the fourth-stage dispersal juveniles (JIV) by insect vectors. After the invasion of Japan by B. xylophilus, B. mucronatus, native to Japan, appears to have been replaced in the pine forests during the spread of the disease. To help understand this species replacement, the number of JIV carried by an insect vector (the initial nematode load) was compared between the two nematode species by using the beetle, Monochamus alternatus, in the laboratory. The initial load of B. mucronatus was significantly smaller than that of B. xylophilus although the number of third-stage dispersal juveniles (JIII) concentrated at the pupal chambers did not differ. Statistical analysis showed that the proportion of JIII moulting to JIV was the most important among three components explaining the difference in the initial load of B. mucronatus while the number of JIII concentrated at the pupal chamber was the most important for B. xylophilus. The phoretic affinity between the nematode and its vector is discussed in relation to its role in the species replacement.

Effect of unsaturated fatty acids around pupal chambers of Monochamus alternatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) and Acanthocinus orientalis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) on the number of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Nematoda: Parasitaphelenchidae) carried by the beetles

Nematology ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 721-729 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noritoshi Maehara ◽  
Masahiko Tokoro
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Pine Wood Nematode ◽  
Monochamus Alternatus ◽  
Significant Relationships ◽  
Pine Trees

Abstract Several chemical compounds, e.g., linoleic and oleic acids, have been reported to be attractive to the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, in previous studies. To examine the effects of fatty acids on the number of nematodes carried by Monochamus alternatus and Acanthocinus orientalis, unsaturated fatty acids (linoleic, oleic and hexadecenoic acids) and saturated fatty acids (palmitic and stearic acids) around the pupal chambers of individual beetles of the two species were analysed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The number of nematodes carried by individual M. alternatus was large, averaging 1628 (range 2 to 27 200), whilst A. orientalis carried no nematodes. There was no difference in the concentration of linoleic acid around the pupal chambers of M. alternatus and A. orientalis, and the concentration of oleic acid around Monochamus chambers was less than that around Acanthocinus chambers. There were no clear significant relationships between the concentration of linoleic or oleic acids around Monochamus pupal chambers and the numbers of nematodes carried by individual Monochamus beetles emerging from the chambers. It was concluded that the concentration of unsaturated fatty acids around pupal chambers in wilt-killed pine trees could not explain the differences in the numbers of nematodes carried by M. alternatus and by A. orientalis, and the differences in the numbers of nematodes carried by individual Monochamus beetles.

Presence of the cerambycid beetles Psacothea hilaris and Monochamus alternatus affecting the life cycle strategy of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus

Nematology ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 455-461 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noritoshi Maehara ◽  
Kazuyoshi Futai
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽  
Pinewood Nematode ◽  
Fourth Stage ◽  
Monochamus Alternatus ◽  
The Third ◽  
Life Cycle Strategy ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cerambycid Beetles

AbstractAlthough fourth-stage dispersal juveniles (JIV) of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the pinewood nematode (PWN), developed in the presence of both Monochamus alternatus and Psacothea hilaris, the numbers and the percentage of JIV were far higher in the presence of the former than of the latter. JIV first appeared 7 days after pupation of M. alternatus and the number increased from the day of beetle eclosion to the third day thereafter, then remained stable. We conclude that the presence of specific vectors affects both the life history of the PWN and the numbers of nematodes carried by vectors emerging from killed pine trees.

Is Bursaphelenchus mucronatus a weak pathogen to the Japanese red pine?

Nematology ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 485-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuyoshi Futai ◽  
Natsumi Kanzaki
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Densiflora ◽  
Pine Wilt Disease ◽  
Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽  
Transmission Efficiency ◽  
Monochamus Alternatus ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Host Trees ◽  
Bursaphelenchus Mucronatus ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Mutualistic Relationship

AbstractThe pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is the causal agent of pine wilt disease. It can invade healthy pine trees through the feeding wound of its vector beetle, Monochamus alternatus, and can enter a dead or dying tree through the vector's oviposition mark. By contrast, B. mucronatus, which is closely related to B. xylophilus but has been considered to have no pathogenicity to pine species, also invades living host trees through the same process as B. xylophilus, although the transmission efficiency is lower than that of B. xylophilus. In order to clarify the reason why Bursaphelenchus mucronatus invades a living host, we inoculated shaded and unshaded host seedlings of Pinus densiflora with B. mucronatus. Bursaphelenchus mucronatus displayed pathogenicity in the host seedlings but only with those that were shaded. In addition, B. mucronatus was recovered from the seedlings that had survived until the end of the experiment. Bursaphelenchus mucronatus seems to survive in the living healthy host tree without causing disease symptoms. These results suggest a mutualistic relationship between B. mucronatus and its vector beetle.

scholarly journals Mitogenome Analysis of Four Lamiinae Species (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) and Gene Expression Responses by Monochamus alternatus When Infected with the Parasitic Nematode, Bursaphelenchus mucronatus

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 453
Author(s):  
Zi-Yi Zhang ◽  
Jia-Yin Guan ◽  
Yu-Rou Cao ◽  
Xin-Yi Dai ◽  
Kenneth B. Storey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Mitochondrial Gene ◽  
Mitochondrial Protein ◽  
Pine Wilt Disease ◽  
Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽  
Monochamus Alternatus ◽  
Genome Database ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Nd5 Gene

We determined the mitochondrial gene sequence of Monochamus alternatus and three other mitogenomes of Lamiinae (Insect: Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) belonging to three genera (Aulaconotus, Apriona and Paraglenea) to enrich the mitochondrial genome database of Lamiinae and further explore the phylogenetic relationships within the subfamily. Phylogenetic trees of the Lamiinae were built using the Bayesian inference (BI) and maximum likelihood (ML) methods and the monophyly of Monochamus, Anoplophora, and Batocera genera was supported. Anoplophora chinensis, An. glabripennis and Aristobia reticulator were closely related, suggesting they may also be potential vectors for the transmission of the pine wood pathogenic nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) in addition to M. alternatus, a well-known vector of pine wilt disease. There is a special symbiotic relationship between M. alternatus and Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. As the native sympatric sibling species of B. xylophilus, B. mucronatus also has a specific relationship that is often overlooked. The analysis of mitochondrial gene expression aimed to explore the effect of B. mucronatus on the energy metabolism of the respiratory chain of M. alternatus adults. Using RT-qPCR, we determined and analyzed the expression of eight mitochondrial protein-coding genes (COI, COII, COIII, ND1, ND4, ND5, ATP6, and Cty b) between M. alternatus infected by B. mucronatus and M. alternatus without the nematode. Expression of all the eight mitochondrial genes were up-regulated, particularly the ND4 and ND5 gene, which were up-regulated by 4–5-fold (p < 0.01). Since longicorn beetles have immune responses to nematodes, we believe that their relationship should not be viewed as symbiotic, but classed as parasitic.

scholarly journals Study of symptoms and gene expression in four Pinus species after pinewood nematode infection

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 272-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albina R. Franco ◽  
Carla Santos ◽  
Mariana Roriz ◽  
Rui Rodrigues ◽  
Marta R. M. Lima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virulent Strain ◽  
Pine Wilt Disease ◽  
Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽  
Wilt Disease ◽  
Pinewood Nematode ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Severe Infections ◽  
Genomic Results ◽  
Avirulent Isolate

Pine wilt disease, caused by the pinewood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner and Buhrer) Nickle, is originating severe infections in pine trees. The disease is detected when external symptoms appear (e.g. needle chlorosis), but trees could remain asymptomatic for long periods and serve as a long-term host. The primary goal of this study was to assess the effect of inoculation with an avirulent isolate of B. xylophilus (C14-5) on different Pinus spp. seedlings (P. sylvestris, P. nigra, P. pinea and P. pinaster). At the same time, seedlings were also inoculated with a virulent strain, HF, in order to compare the phenotypic and genomic results of the two types of inoculations. The effect of inoculation was determined in terms of expression of various Pinus genes potentially involved in the response to the disease.The results suggest that P. pinea and P. nigra are more resistant to infection by the nematode than P. sylvestris and P. pinaster. The phenotypic and genetic differences were more marked among P. pinea and P. pinaster.

scholarly journals Promoting Effect of Choline-Phosphate Cytidylyltransferase Gene (pcyt-1) on Departure of Pinewood Nematode from Monochamus alternatus

Forests ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 114
Author(s):  
Yang Wang ◽  
Mingxia Jin ◽  
Lichao Wang ◽  
Ailin Yu ◽  
Guai Xie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽  
Pinewood Nematode ◽  
Monochamus Alternatus ◽  
Internal Factor ◽  
Promoting Effect ◽  
Lipid Degradation ◽  
Sufficient Energy ◽  
Lipid Granules ◽  
Choline Phosphate

In order to study the key gene in internal causes of pinewood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, a departure from its vector beetle, Monochamus alternatus, we collected PWNs extracted from newly emerged M. alternatus and beetles 7 days after emergence. The total RNAs of the two groups of PWNs were extracted, transcriptomes sequencing was performed, and gene expression differences between the two groups of PWN were analyzed. It was found that the expression of the choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferase gene (pcyt-1) was markedly up-regulated. After inhibition of pcyt-1 expression by RNA interference, the rate of lipid degradation in PWN decreased significantly, and the motility of PWN also decreased significantly. The analysis identified that phosphatidylcholine could promote the emulsification and degradation of neutral lipid granules in PWN, which provides sufficient energy for PWN departure from M. alternatus. The up-regulation of the gene pcyt-1 is an important internal factor for PWN departure from its vector.

scholarly journals The effect of feeding behavior of Monochamus alternatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) on the departure of pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Wang ◽  
Fengmao Chen ◽  
Lichao Wang ◽  
Lifeng Zhou ◽  
Juan Song
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Phosphorylation ◽  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽  
Pine Wood Nematode ◽  
Monochamus Alternatus ◽  
Pine Wood ◽  
Start Date ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Departure Date ◽  
Effect Of Feeding

AbstractIn order to study the causes of pine wood nematode (PWN) departure from Monochamus alternatus, the effects of the feeding behavior of M. alternatus on the start date of the departure of PWN were studied. The start date of the departure of PWN carried by the directly fed M. alternatus was 5—13 d after beetle emergence, mainly concentrated within 6—10 d, with a mean (±SD) of 8.02 ± 1.96 d. The start date of the departure of PWN carried by the M. alternatus fed after starvation was 5—14 d after beetle emergence, mainly concentrated within 6—9 d, with a mean of 7.76 ± 2.28 d. The results show that there was no significant difference in the start departure date of PWN between the two treatments. This shows that the feeding behavior of M. alternatus is not the trigger for PWN departure. At the same time, it was found that the motility of the PWN carried by M. alternatus at 8 d after emergence was significantly greater than that of the PWN carried by the newly emerged M. alternatus. And the PWN carried by M. alternatus at 8 d after emergence was extracted more easily than the PWN carried by newly emerged beetles. These results show that greater motility was associated with easier departure of PWN from M. alternatus. In addition, transcriptome sequencing found that the level of oxidative phosphorylation metabolism of PWN carried by beetles at 8 d after emergence was significantly higher than that in the PWN carried by newly emerged beetle. High oxidative phosphorylation was associated with increased energy production and motility by the PWN and were the internal cause of the start of nematode departure.

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