scholarly journals Formulating Strategies to Tackle COVID-19 Pandemic by Understanding its Molecular Mechanisms: A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1809-1813
Author(s):  
Eko Fuji Ariyanto ◽  
Muhammad Hasan Bashari
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Virus Replication ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Virus Entry ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Hand Washing ◽  
Protective Equipment

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the current biggest health problem that has caused pandemic in hundreds of countries worldwide. Important efforts for COVID-19 prevention and management have been implemented by WHO and many countries; however, the number of new cases is still increasing. The objective of this review is to formulate appropriate strategies to tackle COVID-19 pandemic using molecular mechanisms-based approach. COVID-19 preventive measures aim to avoid virus entry to human cells by applying physical distancing, hand washing and personal protective equipment, maintaining good immune system by balanced nutrition and physical exercise, developing vaccine against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) based on comprehensive analysis on SARS-CoV-2 antigen presentation and subsequent immunological cascades, considering the patients’ clinical condition including biomolecular parameters, and developing drugs by designing inhibitors for SARS-CoV-2 proteins responsible for virus replication and transcription.

scholarly journals Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Prevention and Disinfection

2020 ◽  
pp. 10-14
Author(s):  
Nabih Mohammad Lawand ◽  
Samaa Al Tabbah
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Personal Protective Equipment ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Protective Equipment ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Routine Application ◽  
Hygiene Practices ◽  
Cleaning And Disinfection ◽  
Successful Prevention

The successful prevention of spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection depends on the routine application of preventive measures taken to prevent this spread. Strategies for preventing transmission of the disease include practices such as social/physical distancing, self-quarantine and isolation when appropriate, maintaining overall good personal hygiene practices like of handwashing and protecting others from coughs and sneezes by wearing Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). Moreover, Transmission of coronavirus occurs through contaminated surfaces where it may remain viable for hours to days. It is recommended to clean visibly dirty surfaces followed by disinfection through applying surface-appropriate disinfectants. In this review, we summarized the recommendations on the prevention, cleaning, and disinfection of the novel beta-coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, in order to help lower the chances of contracting Covid-19 and spreading it to someone else. Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; Coronavirus Disease; COVID-19, Disinfection

scholarly journals Choice of Food: A Preventive Measure during Covid-19 Outbreak

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-89
Author(s):  
Archana Bhatta
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Research Evidence ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Preventive Measure ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Research Findings

As the Covid-19 pandemic has affected communities around the globe, people are facing the fear of being infected by it. It is believed that Coronavirus disease 2019 is directly associated to an individual’s immune response, with no documented research evidence found yet. But, Covid-19 is genetically similar to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV), therefore the same immune response is expected for Covid-191. It has also been found that individuals having weaker immune functions are more suspected to infect and have a high fatality rate2. Preventive measures such as good personal hygiene, wearing a mask, avoiding crowded places and sick individuals, practicing quarantine, and proper choice of food can help an individual to be safe from the risk of current COVID-19 infection. Research findings state that nutrition influences immune strength thereby protecting our body from the attack of pathogens3. Increasing intake of a nutritious diet can help to enhance the immune system and makes an individual less susceptible to diseases, which is also considered as a key factor for the prevention of viral infection like COVID-19. Therefore, the incorporation of foods rich in nutrients that boosts our immunity is one of the possible essential preventive measures to fight with this global crisis.

scholarly journals Update on biological risk for anesthetists taking care of patients affected by SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 138-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustavo Calabrese
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Professional Practice ◽  
Personal Protective Equipment ◽  
Operating Rooms ◽  
Hand Washing ◽  
Healthcare Personnel ◽  
Protective Equipment ◽  
Standard Precautions ◽  
Biological Risk ◽  
The Subject

Biological risks are currently of great interest and concern due to the coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic. In this setting, the exposure of anesthetists and healthcare personnel to patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV-2 causing COVID-19 in their professional practice makes an update in the knowledge of the subject essential. The aim is prevention and protection during procedures entailing a higher risk, as is the case of the so-called aerosol generators (by inhalation of droplets). Therefore, we recommend extreme standard precautions focused on hand washing and barrier protection through the use of personal protective equipment in accordance with comprehensive prevention and protection protocols for anesthetists, patients, and operating rooms.

scholarly journals T Cell Activation and Regulation of HIV-1: Same Effectors with Distinct Outcomes

1999 ◽  
Vol 10 (suppl c) ◽  
pp. 25C-32C ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-François Fortin ◽  
Benoit Barbeau ◽  
Gilles A Robichaud ◽  
Michel J Tremblay
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Virus Replication ◽  
T Cell Activation ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Nuclear Factor ◽  
Cellular Transcription ◽  
Hiv 1

The molecular mechanisms that regulate the function of the immune system and human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) gene expression are diverse and complicated. However, replication of HIV-1 is controlled by many of the same regulatory signals that play a crucial role in the transcriptional regulation of the immune system. For example, the viral promoter, as is the case for the immune system, is subject to complex regulation by combinations of cellular transcription factors that may quantitatively and/or qualitatively differ depending on cell types (eg, macrophages versus T lymphocytes) and cell states (eg, undifferentiated versus differentiated or quiescent versus activated). The present review discusses the regulation of HIV-1 gene expression by nuclear factor-kappa Band nuclear factor of activated T cells, and proposes that selective interference of these two cellular transcription factors may be a route to abrogate virus replication without disrupting normal cellular functions. A better understanding of the regulation of HIV-1 gene expression is of utmost importance for the design of molecular approaches that will effectively abrogate virus replication and, ultimately, disease progression.

scholarly journals Immune System Modulation and Viral Persistence in Bats: Understanding Viral Spillover

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonu Subudhi ◽  
Noreen Rapin ◽  
Vikram Misra
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Virus Replication ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Viral Persistence ◽  
Latently Infected ◽  
Unique Nature ◽  
Immune System Modulation ◽  
Perfect Storm

Bats harbor a myriad of viruses and some of these viruses may have spilled over to other species including humans. Spillover events are rare and several factors must align to create the “perfect storm” that would ultimately lead to a spillover. One of these factors is the increased shedding of virus by bats. Several studies have indicated that bats have unique defense mechanisms that allow them to be persistently or latently infected with viruses. Factors leading to an increase in the viral load of persistently infected bats would facilitate shedding of virus. This article reviews the unique nature of bat immune defenses that regulate virus replication and the various molecular mechanisms that play a role in altering the balanced bat–virus relationship.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence among Healthcare Workers in General Hospitals and Clinics in Japan

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 3786
Author(s):  
Tatsuya Yoshihara ◽  
Kazuya Ito ◽  
Masayoshi Zaitsu ◽  
Eunhee Chung ◽  
Izumi Aoyagi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Social Support ◽  
General Population ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Immunoglobulin G ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
General Hospitals ◽  
Second Wave

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a serious public health problem worldwide. In general, healthcare workers are considered to be at higher risk of COVID-19 infection. However, the prevalence of COVID-19 among healthcare workers in Japan is not well characterized. In this study, we aimed to examine the seroprevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibodies among 2160 healthcare workers in hospitals and clinics that are not designated to treat COVID-19 patients in Japan. The prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin G was 1.2% in August and October 2020 (during and after the second wave of the pandemic in Japan), which is relatively higher than that in the general population in Japan (0.03–0.91%). Because of the higher risk of COVID-19 infection, healthcare workers should be the top priority for further social support and vaccination against SARS-CoV-2.

scholarly journals Investigating Molecular Mechanisms of Immunotoxicity and the Utility of ToxCast for Immunotoxicity Screening of Chemicals Added to Food

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 3332
Author(s):  
Olga V. Naidenko ◽  
David Q. Andrews ◽  
Alexis M. Temkin ◽  
Tasha Stoiber ◽  
Uloma Igara Uche ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
High Throughput Screening ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Toxicological Studies

The development of high-throughput screening methodologies may decrease the need for laboratory animals for toxicity testing. Here, we investigate the potential of assessing immunotoxicity with high-throughput screening data from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ToxCast program. As case studies, we analyzed the most common chemicals added to food as well as per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) shown to migrate to food from packaging materials or processing equipment. The antioxidant preservative tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) showed activity both in ToxCast assays and in classical immunological assays, suggesting that it may affect the immune response in people. From the PFAS group, we identified eight substances that can migrate from food contact materials and have ToxCast data. In epidemiological and toxicological studies, PFAS suppress the immune system and decrease the response to vaccination. However, most PFAS show weak or no activity in immune-related ToxCast assays. This lack of concordance between toxicological and high-throughput data for common PFAS indicates the current limitations of in vitro screening for analyzing immunotoxicity. High-throughput in vitro assays show promise for providing mechanistic data relevant for immune risk assessment. In contrast, the lack of immune-specific activity in the existing high-throughput assays cannot validate the safety of a chemical for the immune system.

scholarly journals COVID-19: a review of current knowledge regarding exposure, quarantine, isolation and other preventive measures

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 204993612110320
Author(s):  
Robert Rosolanka ◽  
Andres F. Henao-Martinez ◽  
Larissa Pisney ◽  
Carlos Franco-Paredes ◽  
Martin Krsak
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Clinical Response ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Therapeutic Options ◽  
Exposure Control ◽  
Knowledge Gaps ◽  
Vaccination Strategies ◽  
Speed Up

Deeper understanding of the spread, morbidity, fatality, and development of immune response associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, is necessary in order to establish an appropriate epidemiological and clinical response. Exposure control represents a key part of the combat against COVID-19, as the effectiveness of current therapeutic options remains partial. Since the preventive measures have not been sufficiently able to slow down this pandemic, in this article we explore some of the pertinent knowledge gaps, while overall looking to effective vaccination strategies as a way out. Early on, such strategies may need to rely on counting the convalescents as protected in order to speed up the immunization of the whole population.

scholarly journals Thromboses and Hemostasis Disorders Associated with Coronavirus Disease 2019: The Possible Causal Role of Cross-Reactivity and Immunological Imprinting

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darja Kanduc
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Vascular Diseases ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Active Immunization ◽  
Thromboembolic Complications ◽  
Human Proteins ◽  
Almost All

AbstractBy examining the issue of the thromboses and hemostasis disorders associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) through the lens of cross-reactivity, it was found that 60 pentapeptides are shared by SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein (gp) and human proteins that— when altered, mutated, deficient or, however, improperly functioning— cause vascular diseases, thromboembolic complications, venous thrombosis, thrombocytopenia, coagulopathies, and bleeding, inter alia. The peptide commonality has a relevant immunological potential as almost all of the shared sequences are present in experimentally validated SARS-CoV-2 spike gp-derived epitopes, thus supporting the possibility of cross-reactions between the viral gp and the thromboses-related human proteins. Moreover, many of the shared peptide sequences are also present in pathogens to which individuals have previously been exposed following natural infection or vaccinal routes, and of which the immune system has stored imprint. Such an immunological memory might rapidly trigger anamnestic secondary cross-reactive responses of extreme affinity and avidity, in this way explaining the thromboembolic adverse events that can associate with SARS-CoV-2 infection or active immunization.

scholarly journals Comprehensive Analysis of Transcriptome and Metabolome Reveals the Flavonoid Metabolic Pathway Is Associated with Fruit Peel Coloration of Melon

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (9) ◽  
pp. 2830
Author(s):  
Aiai Zhang ◽  
Jing Zheng ◽  
Xuemiao Chen ◽  
Xueyin Shi ◽  
Huaisong Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Integrated Analysis ◽  
Fruit Peel ◽  
External Quality ◽  
Color Formation ◽  
Peel Color ◽  
Dark Green

The peel color is an important external quality of melon fruit. To explore the mechanisms of melon peel color formation, we performed an integrated analysis of transcriptome and metabolome with three different fruit peel samples (grey-green ‘W’, dark-green ‘B’, and yellow ‘H’). A total of 40 differentially expressed flavonoids were identified. Integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses revealed that flavonoid biosynthesis was associated with the fruit peel coloration of melon. Twelve differentially expressed genes regulated flavonoids synthesis. Among them, nine (two 4CL, F3H, three F3′H, IFS, FNS, and FLS) up-regulated genes were involved in the accumulation of flavones, flavanones, flavonols, and isoflavones, and three (2 ANS and UFGT) down-regulated genes were involved in the accumulation of anthocyanins. This study laid a foundation to understand the molecular mechanisms of melon peel coloration by exploring valuable genes and metabolites.

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