scholarly journals Immunological Activities of Isoprinosine Inhibition on Viral Infections Inhuman

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (04) ◽  
pp. 773-778
Author(s):  
Hashim Ali Abdualmeer Al-Sherees ◽  
Sumaya NajimAbedali Al-khateeb ◽  
Fadhil Hussain Nasir Al-Muhannak
Keyword(s):  
Antiviral Activity ◽  
Cell Cultures ◽  
A549 Cell ◽  
Cytotoxic Effect ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Colorimetric Assay ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
Virus Multiplication ◽  
Mtt Colorimetric Assay

Isoprinosine is a combination of inosine used as antiviral drug without effect on viral particle itself, but instead only and acts as on immunostimulant and also acts indirectly by activation of immune cells. Aim of this study was to determine level of interferon-alpha (INF-α) with parainfluenza viruses HPIV-2, and adenoviruses HAdV-2 replication. In the present study, cytotoxic effect of isoprinosine was assessed using A549 cell line exposed to different concentrations of compound (isoprinosine: 50-800μg/mL) for 48 hours. Cytotoxic effect was examined visually using light, inverted microscopy Olympus CK2 under 400x magnification and by the MTT colorimetric assay. The yield re­duction assay (YRA), which evaluates the ability of the isoprinosine (50-800 μg/mL) to inhibit virus multiplication in cell cultures, was applied. The cytopathic effect of the virus was evaluated 48 h after infection of A549 cell cultures with viruses by means of light, inverted microsco­py. The YRA method was used to determine the 50% end point (IC50) in the presence of Isoprinosine with the controlled one. MTT cytotoxicity assay confirmed microscopic observations. There were no morphological changes, as assessed visually, in cell cultures treated with isoprinosine. After conducting the experi­ments and analyzing the results we noticed that higher concentrations of isoprinosine strongly inhibited multiplication of all viruses. HPIV-2 and HAdV-2 showed the highest sensitivity to the antiviral activity of isoprinosine as compared with the control, however, increasing concentrations of isoprinosine up to 800 μg /ml slightly enhanced the antiviral activity of 400 μg/ml isoprinosine. Our study was conducted that HAdV-2 and HPIV-2 have the highest sensitivity to the antiviral activity of isoprinosine from all tested viral strains.

scholarly journals Cloning, Prokaryotic Soluble Expression, and Analysis of Antiviral Activity of Two Novel Feline IFN-ω Proteins

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaona Wang ◽  
Fengsai Li ◽  
Meijing Han ◽  
Shuo Jia ◽  
Li Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiviral Activity ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
Viral Diseases ◽  
Type I ◽  
Phylogenetic Tree Analysis ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Cat Spleen ◽  
Spleen Lymphocytes

Cats are becoming more popular as household companions and pets, forming close relationships with humans. Although feline viral diseases can pose serious health hazards to pet cats, commercialized preventative vaccines are lacking. Interferons (IFNs), especially type I IFNs (IFN-α, IFN-β, and interferon omega (IFN-ω)), have been explored as effective therapeutic drugs against viral diseases in cats. Nevertheless, there is limited knowledge regarding feline IFN-ω (feIFN-ω), compared to IFN-α and IFN-β. In this study, we cloned the genes encoding feIFN-ωa and feIFN-ωb from cat spleen lymphocytes. Homology and phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that these two genes belonged to new subtypes of feIFN-ω. The recombinant feIFN-ωa and feIFN-ωb proteins were expressed in their soluble forms in Escherichia coli, followed by purification. Both proteins exhibited effective anti-vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) activity in Vero, F81 (feline kidney cell), Madin–Darby bovine kidney (MDBK), Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK), and porcine kidney (PK-15) cells, showing broader cross-species antiviral activity than the INTERCAT IFN antiviral drug. Furthermore, the recombinant feIFN-ωa and feIFN-ωb proteins demonstrated antiviral activity against VSV, feline coronavirus (FCoV), canine parvovirus (CPV), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), indicating better broad-spectrum antiviral activity than the INTERCAT IFN. The two novel feIFN-ω proteins (feIFN-ωa and feIFN-ωb) described in this study show promising potential to serve as effective therapeutic agents for treating viral infections in pet cats.

scholarly journals Antiviral Activity of Total Flavonoid Extracts fromSelaginella moellendorffiiHieron against Coxsackie Virus B3In VitroandIn Vivo

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Yin ◽  
Juan Li ◽  
Xiang Lei ◽  
Yimei Liu ◽  
Zhanqiu Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiviral Activity ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Colorimetric Assay ◽  
Total Flavonoid ◽  
Coxsackie Virus ◽  
Mtt Colorimetric Assay ◽  
Diphenyl Tetrazolium Bromide ◽  
Selaginella Moellendorffii

The antiviral activity of total flavonoid extracts fromSelaginella moellendorffiiHieron and its main constituents amentoflavone were investigated against coxsackie virus B3 (CVB3). When added during or after viral infection, the extracts and amentoflavone prevented the cytopathic effect (CPE) of CVB3, as demonstrated in a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) colorimetric assay, with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) from19±1.6to41±1.2 μg/mL and25±1.2to52±0.8 μg/mL, respectively. KM mice were used as animal models to test the extracts' activityin vivo. Oral administration of the total flavonoid extracts at 300 mg/kg/day significantly reduced mean viral titers in the heart and kidneys as well as mortality after infection for 15 days. The experimental results demonstrate thatin vitroandin vivothe model mice infected with CVB3 can be effectively treated by the total flavonoid extracts fromSelaginella moellendorffiiHieron.

scholarly journals Synthesis and Antiviral Activity of Camphene Derivatives against Different Types of Viruses

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 2235
Author(s):  
Anastasiya S. Sokolova ◽  
Valentina P. Putilova ◽  
Olga I. Yarovaya ◽  
Anastasiya V. Zybkina ◽  
Ekaterina D. Mordvinova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Antiviral Activity ◽  
Rational Design ◽  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
Surface Proteins ◽  
Hantaan Virus

To date, the ‘one bug-one drug’ approach to antiviral drug development cannot effectively respond to the constant threat posed by an increasing diversity of viruses causing outbreaks of viral infections that turn out to be pathogenic for humans. Evidently, there is an urgent need for new strategies to develop efficient antiviral agents with broad-spectrum activities. In this paper, we identified camphene derivatives that showed broad antiviral activities in vitro against a panel of enveloped pathogenic viruses, including influenza virus A/PR/8/34 (H1N1), Ebola virus (EBOV), and the Hantaan virus. The lead-compound 2a, with pyrrolidine cycle in its structure, displayed antiviral activity against influenza virus (IC50 = 45.3 µM), Ebola pseudotype viruses (IC50 = 0.12 µM), and authentic EBOV (IC50 = 18.3 µM), as well as against pseudoviruses with Hantaan virus Gn-Gc glycoprotein (IC50 = 9.1 µM). The results of antiviral activity studies using pseudotype viruses and molecular modeling suggest that surface proteins of the viruses required for the fusion process between viral and cellular membranes are the likely target of compound 2a. The key structural fragments responsible for efficient binding are the bicyclic natural framework and the nitrogen atom. These data encourage us to conduct further investigations using bicyclic monoterpenoids as a scaffold for the rational design of membrane-fusion targeting inhibitors.

scholarly journals F127/Cisplatin Microemulsions: In Vitro, In Vivo and Computational Studies

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 3006
Author(s):  
Saman Sargazi ◽  
Mohammad Reza Hajinezhad ◽  
Mahmood Barani ◽  
Mahwash Mukhtar ◽  
Abbas Rahdar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Enzymes ◽  
Colorimetric Assay ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
In Vivo Experiments ◽  
Mtt Colorimetric Assay ◽  
Male Wistar Rats

The development of effective strategies for local administration of chemotherapeutic drugs, thus minimizing the adverse side effects to patients, is one of the key challenges in biomedicine and cancer research. This work reports the formulation and characterization of PluronicF127 microemulsions to enhance the bioavailability of Cisplatin (Cis). The size of Cis microemulsion was about 12.0 nm, as assessed by dynamic light scattering analysis. In vitro cytotoxic activity of free Cis and F127/Cis microemulsions were studied on malignant (C152 and MCF7) and normal (HUVEC) cells via tetrazolium (MTT) colorimetric assay. Cell morphology was also monitored. In vitro assessments revealed thatF127/Cis microemulsions induced cytotoxicity/morphological changes to a lesser extent than free Cis. Regarding in vivo experiments, F127/Cis microemulsions were injected intraperitoneally at 7 and 14 mg/kg doses into adult male Wistar rats to assess histologic and biochemical changes. In this case, the bulk Cis group caused severe histopathological changes and significant increases in serum liver enzymes and serum kidney function markers. The group treated with the 14 mg/kg dose of F127/Cis microemulsions also showed severe fatty changes and significant increases in serum liver enzymes, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine levels. The group treated with the low dose of nano-Cis showed a significant increase in serum liver enzymes levels accompanied by mild fatty changes of the liver. Theoretical surveys were performed to get an understanding of the interplay between F127 and Cis. Results reveal that hydrogen bonding (HB) interactions with F127have an influence on the molecular properties of Cis and may playa role in the lower toxicity of F127/Cis in comparison to free Cis.

scholarly journals Nitrogen-Based Heterocyclic Compounds: A Promising Class of Antiviral Agents against Chikungunya Virus

Life ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
Andreza C. Santana ◽  
Ronaldo C. Silva Filho ◽  
José C. J. M. D. S. Menezes ◽  
Diego Allonso ◽  
Vinícius R. Campos
Keyword(s):  
Antiviral Activity ◽  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Heterocyclic Compounds ◽  
Chikungunya Virus ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
Important Class ◽  
Available Nitrogen ◽  
Global Threat ◽  
Present Understanding

Arboviruses, in general, are a global threat due to their morbidity and mortality, which results in an important social and economic impact. Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), one of the most relevant arbovirus currently known, is a re-emergent virus that causes a disease named chikungunya fever, characterized by a severe arthralgia (joint pains) that can persist for several months or years in some individuals. Until now, no vaccine or specific antiviral drug is commercially available. Nitrogen heterocyclic scaffolds are found in medications, such as aristeromycin, favipiravir, fluorouracil, 6-azauridine, thioguanine, pyrimethamine, among others. New families of natural and synthetic nitrogen analogous compounds are reported to have significant anti-CHIKV effects. In the present work, we focus on these nitrogen-based heterocyclic compounds as an important class with CHIKV antiviral activity. We summarize the present understanding on this class of compounds against CHIKV and also present their possible mechanism of action.

scholarly journals Viruses and Type 1 Diabetes: From Enteroviruses to the Virome

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 1519
Author(s):  
Sonia R. Isaacs ◽  
Dylan B. Foskett ◽  
Anna J. Maxwell ◽  
Emily J. Ward ◽  
Clare L. Faulkner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
Virus Detection ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Islet Autoimmunity ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Drug Candidates

For over a century, viruses have left a long trail of evidence implicating them as frequent suspects in the development of type 1 diabetes. Through vigorous interrogation of viral infections in individuals with islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes using serological and molecular virus detection methods, as well as mechanistic studies of virus-infected human pancreatic β-cells, the prime suspects have been narrowed down to predominantly human enteroviruses. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of evidence supporting the hypothesised role of enteroviruses in the development of islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes. We also discuss concerns over the historical focus and investigation bias toward enteroviruses and summarise current unbiased efforts aimed at characterising the complete population of viruses (the “virome”) contributing early in life to the development of islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes. Finally, we review the range of vaccine and antiviral drug candidates currently being evaluated in clinical trials for the prevention and potential treatment of type 1 diabetes.

scholarly journals Flavonol 7-O-Glucoside Herbacitrin Inhibits HIV-1 Replication through Simultaneous Integrase and Reverse Transcriptase Inhibition

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Éva Áy ◽  
Attila Hunyadi ◽  
Mária Mezei ◽  
János Minárovits ◽  
Judit Hohmann
Keyword(s):  
Antiviral Activity ◽  
Reverse Transcriptase ◽  
Cell Cultures ◽  
Core Protein ◽  
Integrase Inhibitor ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Cytotoxic Activities ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Hiv 1 ◽  
Antiretroviral Activity

Here we report the evaluation of the antiretroviral effect of two flavonoid 7-O-glucosides, herbacitrin (1) and gossypitrin (2), together with quercetin (3), a well-studied flavonol. Antiviral activity of the flavonoids was assessed by analyzing HIV-1 p24 core protein levels in the supernatants of HIV-1 infected MT-4 and MT-2 cell cultures. The compounds showed mild to weak cytotoxic activities on the host cells; herbacitrin was the strongest in this regard (CC50=27.8 and 63.64 μM on MT-4 and MT-2 cells, respectively). In nontoxic concentrations, herbacitrin and quercetin reduced HIV-1 replication, whereas gossypitrin was ineffective. Herbacitrin was found to inhibit reverse transcriptase at 21.5 μM, while it was a more potent integrase inhibitor already active at 2.15 μM. Therefore, our observations suggest that herbacitrin exerts antiretroviral activity through simultaneously acting on these two targets of HIV-1 and that integrase inhibition might play a major role in this activity.

Exploration of the in vitro cytotoxic and antiviral activities of different medicinal plants against infectious bursal disease (IBD) virus

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 531-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Waqas Ahmad ◽  
Sohail Ejaz ◽  
Khaleeq Anwar ◽  
Muhammad Ashraf
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Colorimetric Assay ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Infectious Bursal Disease ◽  
Dna Viruses ◽  
Mtt Colorimetric Assay ◽  
Bursal Disease ◽  
Dried Fruit ◽  
Antiviral Activities

AbstractInfectious bursal disease (IBD) caused by non-enveloped double stranded RNA virus is an acute and contagious poultry disease. Outbreak of IBD could result in 10–75% mortality of the birds; hence it has gained socio-economic importance worldwide. Medicinal plants have shown broad spectrum anti-viral activities against RNA and DNA viruses. Moringa oleifera Lam (MOL), Phyllanthus emblicus Linn (PEL), Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn (GGL), and Eugenia jambolana Lam (EJL) are commonly available medicinal plants of the sub-continent and exhibited anti-viral potential against different viruses. Ethanolic extracts of the leaves of MOL and EJL, roots of GGL and dried fruit of PEL were investigated for their cytotoxic and anti-viral potential against IBD virus using MTT colorimetric assay and anti-viral assay. Significant anti-viral potential (P<0.001) was demonstrated at concentrations 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 µg ml−1 of GGL, PEL, MOL and EJL, respectively, with no cytotoxicity. Data also spotlighted that all tested plant extracts possess significant anti-viral potential and this trend was higher in GGL followed by PEL, MOL, and EJL. The data undoubtedly conclude that these medicinal plants contain several health beneficial phyto-chemicals which got significant anti-viral potential and effectively be utilized against IBD virus. Moreover, the outcomes of this study provide a platform on the way to discover novel anti-viral agents against IBD virus and other viruses from plant origin.

scholarly journals Identification of Feline Interferon Regulatory Factor 1 as an Efficient Antiviral Factor against the Replication of Feline Calicivirus and Other Feline Viruses

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongxiang Liu ◽  
Xiaoxiao Liu ◽  
Hongtao Kang ◽  
Xiaoliang Hu ◽  
Jiasen Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiviral Activity ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Interferon Regulatory Factor ◽  
Feline Calicivirus ◽  
Type I ◽  
Norwalk Virus ◽  
Regulatory Factor ◽  
Feline Panleukopenia Virus ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Interferon Regulatory Factor 1

Interferons (IFNs) can inhibit most, if not all, viral infections by eliciting the transcription of hundreds of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Feline calicivirus (FCV) is a highly contagious pathogen of cats and a surrogate for Norwalk virus. Interferon efficiently inhibits the replication of FCV, but the mechanism of the antiviral activity is poorly understood. Here, we evaluated the anti-FCV activity of ten ISGs, whose antiviral activities were previously reported. The results showed that interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1) can significantly inhibit the replication of FCV, whereas the other ISGs tested in this study failed. Further, we found that IRF1 was localized in the nucleus and efficiently activated IFN-β and the ISRE promoter. IRF1 can trigger the production of endogenous interferon and the expression of ISGs, suggesting that IRF1 can positively regulate IFN signalling. Importantly, the mRNA and protein levels of IRF1 were reduced upon FCV infection, which may be a new strategy for FCV to evade the innate immune system. Finally, the antiviral activity of IRF1 against feline panleukopenia virus, feline herpesvirus, and feline infectious peritonitis virus was demonstrated. These data indicate that feline IRF1 plays an important role in regulating the host type I IFN response and inhibiting feline viral infections.

Monoisopropylglutathione ester protects A549 cells from the cytotoxic effects of sulphur mustard

1997 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. 636-644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher D Lindsay ◽  
Joy L Hambrook ◽  
Alison F Lailey
Keyword(s):  
Cell Viability ◽  
Cell Cultures ◽  
A549 Cell ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Gentian Violet ◽  
A549 Cells ◽  
Rapid Onset ◽  
Neutral Red ◽  
Biochemical Basis ◽  
Sulphur Mustard

1 The A549 cell line was used to assess the toxicity of sulphur mustard (HD), using gentian violet (GV) and neutral red (NR) dyes as indicators of cell viability. It was found that exposure to concentrations in excess of 40 ?M HD resulted in a rapid onset of toxicity. 2 The ability of monoisopropylglutathione ester (MIPE) to protect A549 cells against the effects of a 100 ?M challenge dose ofHD was determined using the NR and GV assays. It was found that MIPE (8 mM) could protect cells against the effects ofHD though MIPE had to be present at the time of HD challenge. Cultures protected with MIPE were two times more viable than HD exposed cells 48 h after HD challenge when using the GV and NR assays to assess viability. Observations by phase contrast microscopy of NR and GV stained cultures confirmed these findings. Addition of MIPE after previously exposing the A549 cultures to HD (for up to 5 min) maintained cell viability at 72% compared to 37% for unprotected cultures, after which time viability fell significantly so that at 10 min there was no difference in viability between the MIPE treated and untreated cultures. 3 Pretreating A549 cultures with MIPE for 1 h followed by its removal prior to HD challenge did not maintain cell viability. Treatment of cultures with HD for 1 h followed by addition of MIPE did not maintain the viability of the cultures, thus the window within which it was possible for MIPE to rescue cell cultures from the effects of HD was of short duration. 4 High performance liquid chromatography was used to determine the biochemical basis of the actions of MIPE. It was found that whilst intracellular levels of cysteine were increased up to 40-fold following treatment of A549 cell cultures with MIPE, levels of reduced glutathione did not rise. The lack of protection seen in cultures pretreated with MIPE for 1 h prior to HD exposure suggests that raising intracellular cysteine levels was not an effective strategy for protecting cells from the effects of HD. The protection observed is probably due to extra cellular inactivation of HD by MIPE.

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