Current Resistance Management Requirements for Bt Cotton in the United States

2003 ◽  
Vol 5 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 137-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharlene R. Matten ◽  
Alan H. Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Resistance Management ◽  
The United States ◽  
Bt Cotton ◽  
Current Resistance

scholarly journals Fungicide Resistance Management Guidelines for the Control of Tomato Diseases in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeast Regions of the United States

2010 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian A. Wyenandt ◽  
Steven L. Rideout ◽  
Beth K. Gugino ◽  
Margaret T. McGrath ◽  
Kathryne L. Everts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Fungicide Resistance ◽  
Resistance Management ◽  
The United States ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
Management Guidelines ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Action Committee ◽  
Tomato Diseases

Foliar diseases and fruit rots occur routinely on tomato, an important crop grown throughout the Mid-Atlantic and Northeast regions of the United States where it is produced for both fresh-market and processing. To enable these tomato growers to more effectively manage economically important diseases, a fungicide resistance management table has been developed which promotes the importance of understanding FRAC (Fungicide Resistance Action Committee) codes and provides an integrated pest management tool for tomato growers which will allow them to develop season-long disease control programs with an emphasis on fungicide resistance management. Accepted for publication 19 July 2010. Published 27 August 2010.

scholarly journals Characterization of Botrytis cinerea Isolates from Strawberry with Reduced Sensitivity to Polyoxin D Zinc Salt

Plant Disease ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 100 (10) ◽  
pp. 2057-2061 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madeline E. Dowling ◽  
Meng-Jun Hu ◽  
Linus T. Schmitz ◽  
Jennifer R. Wilson ◽  
Guido Schnabel
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Resistance Management ◽  
The United States ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Zinc Salt ◽  
Malt Extract ◽  
Action Committee

Polyoxin D is a Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) code 19 fungicide that was recently registered for gray mold control of strawberry in the United States. In this study, we determined the sensitivity to polyoxin D zinc salt (hereafter, polyoxin D) of Botrytis cinerea isolates from 41 commercial strawberry farms in South Carolina, North Carolina, Maryland, Virginia, and Ohio and investigated the fitness of sensitive (S) and reduced sensitive (RS) isolates. Relative mycelial growth ranged between 0 and over 100% on malt extract agar amended with a discriminatory dose of polyoxin D at 5 μg/ml. Isolates that grew more than 70% at that dose were designated RS and were found in three of the five states. The 50% effective dose (EC50) values of three S and three RS isolates ranged from 0.59 to 2.27 and 4.6 to 5.8 μg/ml, respectively. The three RS isolates grew faster on detached tomato fruit treated with Ph-D WDG at recommended label dosage than S isolates (P < 0.008). In all, 25 randomly selected RS isolates exhibited reduced sporulation ability (P < 0.0001) and growth rate (P < 0.0001) but increased production of sclerotia (P < 0.0386) compared with 25 S isolates. Of 10 isolates tested per phenotype, the number of RS isolates producing sporulating lesions on apple, tomato, and strawberry was significantly lower compared with S isolates (P < 0.0001 for each fruit type). The results of this study indicate that resistance management is necessary for fungicides containing polyoxin D. To our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating reduced sensitivity to FRAC 19 fungicides in B. cinerea isolates from the United States.

scholarly journals Fungicide Resistance Management Guidelines for Cucurbit Downy and Powdery Mildew Control in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeast Regions of the United States in 2018

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-36
Author(s):  
Christian A. Wyenandt ◽  
Margaret T. McGrath ◽  
Kathryne L. Everts ◽  
Steven L. Rideout ◽  
Beth K. Gugino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Fungicide Resistance ◽  
Resistance Management ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Action Committee ◽  
Unites States

In the mid-Atlantic and Northeast regions of the United States, more than 163,000 acres of fresh-market vegetable crops are grown annually. Two important diseases of cucurbit crops across the Unites States and world are powdery mildew caused by Podosphaera xanthii (formerly Sphaerotheca fuliginea [Schlecht ex Fr.] Poll.) and downy mildew caused by Pseudoperonospora cubensis. Resistance to a number of high-risk fungicides has been detected in both pathogens. To help cucurbit growers in the mid-Atlantic and Northeast regions properly manage both diseases, an updated fungicide resistance management table has been developed to promote the importance of understanding Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) codes. This table provides a tool to allow cucurbit growers to develop season-long cucurbit downy and powdery mildew control programs.

Benchmark study on glyphosate-resistant crop systems in the United States. Economics of herbicide resistance management practices in a 5 year field-scale study

2014 ◽  
Vol 70 (12) ◽  
pp. 1924-1929 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Blake Edwards ◽  
David L Jordan ◽  
Michael DK Owen ◽  
Philip M Dixon ◽  
Bryan G Young ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Herbicide Resistance ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Resistance Management ◽  
The United States ◽  
Field Scale ◽  
Benchmark Study

scholarly journals Independent Emergence of Resistance to Seven Chemical Classes of Fungicides in Botrytis cinerea

2015 ◽  
Vol 105 (4) ◽  
pp. 424-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dolores Fernández-Ortuño ◽  
Anja Grabke ◽  
Xingpeng Li ◽  
Guido Schnabel
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Resistance Management ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Gene Mutations ◽  
The United States ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Development Of Resistance

Gray mold, caused by the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea, is one of the most destructive diseases of small fruit crops and control is largely dependent on the application of fungicides. As part of a region-wide resistance-monitoring program that investigated 1,890 B. cinerea isolates from 189 fields in 10 states of the United States, we identified seven isolates (0.4%) from five locations in four different states with unprecedented resistance to all seven Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) codes with single-site modes of action including FRAC 1, 2, 7, 9, 11, 12, and 17 registered in the United States for gray mold control. Resistance to thiophanate-methyl, iprodione, boscalid, pyraclostrobin, and fenhexamid was based on target gene mutations that conferred E198A and F200Y in β-tubulin, I365N/S in Bos1, H272R/Y in SdhB, G143A in Cytb, and T63I and F412S in Erg27. Isolates were grouped into MDR1 and MDR1h phenotypes based on sensitivity to fludioxonil and variations in transcription factor mrr1. MDR1h isolates had a previously described 3-bp deletion at position 497 in mrr1. Expression of ABC transporter atrB was increased in MDR1 isolates but highest in MDR1h isolates. None of the isolates with seven single resistances (SR) had identical nucleotide variations in target genes, indicating that they emerged independently. Multifungicide resistance phenotypes did not exhibit significant fitness penalties for the parameters used in this study, but MDR1h isolates produced more sclerotia at low temperatures and exhibited increased sensitivity to salt stress. In this study we show that current resistance management strategies have not been able to prevent the geographically independent development of resistance to all seven site-specific fungicides currently registered for gray mold control in the United States and document the presence of MDR1h in North America.

scholarly journals Carrots and Sticks: Incentives and Regulations for Herbicide Resistance Management and Changing Behavior

Weed Science ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (SP1) ◽  
pp. 627-640 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Barrett ◽  
Michael Barrett ◽  
John Soteres ◽  
David Shaw
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Herbicide Resistance ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Resistance Management ◽  
Herbicide Tolerance ◽  
The United States ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Agricultural Community

Although the problem of herbicide resistance is not new, the widespread evolution of glyphosate resistance in weed species such as Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeriS. Wats.), common waterhemp (Amaranthus rudisSauer), and kochia [Kochia scoparia(L.) Schrad.] raised awareness throughout the agricultural community of herbicide resistance as a problem. Glyphosate-resistant weeds resulted in the loss of a simple, single herbicide option to control a wide spectrum of weeds that gave efficacious and economical weed management in corn (Zea maysL.), soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.], and cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.) crops engineered for tolerance to this herbicide and planted over widespread areas of the South and Midwest of the United States. Beyond these crops, glyphosate is used for vegetation management in other cropping systems and in noncrop areas across the United States, and resistance to this herbicide threatens its continued utility in all of these situations. This, combined with the development of multiple herbicide-resistant weeds and the lack of commercialization of herbicides with new mechanisms of action over the past years (Duke 2012), caused the weed science community to realize that stewardship of existing herbicide resources, extending their useful life as long as possible, is imperative. Further, while additional herbicide tolerance traits are being incorporated into crops, weed management in these crops will still be based upon using existing, old, herbicide chemistries.

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