scholarly journals The Development of Using the Postpositional Morpheme “Josa” in the Spontaneous Language of 2-3 Year-Old Children

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-307
Author(s):  
YoonKyoung Lee ◽  
So Jung Lee
Keyword(s):  
Spontaneous Language

Collecting Language Samples from Children with Syntax Problems

1985 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol T. Wren
Keyword(s):  
Spontaneous Language ◽  
Large Representative

Although it is important that children produce enough spontaneous language to be analyzed, length is not the only criterion to be considered when collecting language samples. This article suggests that comparability, representativeness, and typicality must also be considered when selecting language elicitation tasks: A framework is suggested as a basis for selecting or devising tasks, and one successful battery is described which has been field tested on language-disordered children with syntax problems. These tasks elicit a wide variety of language from the children as well as stimulate them to produce a large, representative corpus of utterances.

Phonological development in lexically precocious 2-year-olds

2006 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
BRUCE L. SMITH ◽  
KARLA K. MCGREGOR ◽  
DARCIE DEMILLE
Keyword(s):  
Chronological Age ◽  
Phonological Development ◽  
Vocabulary Size ◽  
Phonological Processes ◽  
Spontaneous Language ◽  
Phonological Abilities

To examine interactions between young children's vocabulary size and their phonological abilities, spontaneous language samples were collected from 24-month-olds with precocious lexicons, their age mates (24-month-olds with average-sized lexicons), and their vocabulary mates (30-month-olds with average-sized lexicons). Phonological ability was measured in a variety of ways, such as the number of different consonants that were targeted, the number of different consonants produced correctly, the percentage of consonants produced correctly, and the occurrence of phonological processes. The lexically precocious 24-month-olds were similar to their vocabulary mates on most measures of phonological ability, and both of these groups were generally superior to the 24-month-olds with smaller lexicons. These findings supported a hypothesized relationship between lexicon size and phonological performance, and demonstrated that 2-year-olds' phonological development is more closely related to size of the lexicon than chronological age.

The Expressive Portion of the NSST Compared to a Spontaneous Language Sample

1975 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol A. Prutting ◽  
Tanya M. Gallagher ◽  
Anthony Mulac
Keyword(s):  
Item Analysis ◽  
Screening Instrument ◽  
Language Performance ◽  
Syntactic Structures ◽  
Accurate Representation ◽  
Spontaneous Language ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Stated Purpose ◽  
Language Sample

This study was undertaken to determine the relationship between syntactic structures produced on the expressive portion of the NSST and those produced in a spontaneous language sample. The NSST was administered to 12 children previously diagnosed as delayed in language. In addition, spontaneous language samples were collected by a speech clinician and by the child’s mother. The children ranged in age from four years one month to five years 11 months. We found that 30% of those syntactic structures incorrectly produced on the NSST were correctly produced spontaneously in the language sample. Furthermore, the sample obtained by the clinician was significantly richer in terms of number of structures produced correctly than the sample collected by the mother. Overall results indicate that an item analysis of the expressive portion of the NSST does not present an accurate representation of the child’s language performance and therefore cannot be interpreted beyond its stated purpose, namely that of a screening instrument.

The Use of Spontaneous Language Measures as Criteria for Identifying Children With Specific Language Impairment: An Attempt to Reconcile Clinical and Research Incongruence

1996 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 643-654 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Dunn ◽  
Judith Flax ◽  
Martin Sliwinski ◽  
Dorothy Aram
Keyword(s):  
Language Impairment ◽  
Clinical Judgment ◽  
Specific Language Impairment ◽  
Language Performance ◽  
Normal Children ◽  
Spontaneous Language ◽  
Optimal Subset ◽  
Language Data ◽  
Language Measures ◽  
Mean Length Of Utterance

Criteria for identification of children as specifically language impaired (SLI) vary greatly among clinicians and researchers. Standardized psychometric discrepancy criteria are more restrictive and perhaps less sensitive to language impairment than is clinical judgment based on a child’s language performance in naturalistic contexts. This paper examines (a) differences in groups of preschool children clinically diagnosed as SLI who were and were not identified as SLI through standard psychometric discrepancy criteria, and (b) the validity of quantitative measures of mean length of utterance (MLU), syntax, and pragmatics derived from a spontaneous language sample as criteria for discriminating clinically diagnosed preschoolers from normally developing preschoolers. Spontaneous language data indicated that children clinically identified as SLI produced a significantly higher percentage of errors in spontaneous speech than normal children whether they met psychometric discrepancy criteria or not. Logistic regression analysis indicated that a combination of MLU, percent structural errors, and chronological age was the optimal subset of variables useful for predicting a clinical diagnosis of SLI. This combined criterion captured a larger proportion of the clinically identified SLI children than even the best psychometric discrepancy criteria.

scholarly journals The language of cooperation: shared intentionality drives variation in helping as a function of group membership

2017 ◽  
Vol 284 (1863) ◽  
pp. 20171682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Susan McClung ◽  
Sarah Placì ◽  
Adrian Bangerter ◽  
Fabrice Clément ◽  
Redouan Bshary
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Optimal Foraging ◽  
Group Membership ◽  
Theoretical Studies ◽  
Language Usage ◽  
Shared Intentionality ◽  
Spontaneous Language ◽  
Experimental Game ◽  
Human Ability ◽  
Group Members

While we know that the degree to which humans are able to cooperate is unrivalled by other species, the variation humans actually display in their cooperative behaviour has yet to be fully explained. This may be because research based on experimental game-theoretical studies neglects fundamental aspects of human sociality and psychology, namely social interaction and language. Using a new optimal foraging game loosely modelled on the prisoner's dilemma, the egg hunt, we categorized players as either in-group or out-group to each other and studied their spontaneous language usage while they made interactive, potentially cooperative decisions. Both shared group membership and the possibility to talk led to increased cooperation and overall success in the hunt. Notably, analysis of players' conversations showed that in-group members engaged more in shared intentionality, the human ability to both mentally represent and then adopt another's goal, whereas out-group members discussed individual goals more. Females also helped more and displayed more shared intentionality in discussions than males. Crucially, we show that shared intentionality was the mechanism driving the increase in helping between in-group players over out-group players at a cost to themselves. By studying spontaneous language during social interactions and isolating shared intentionality as the mechanism underlying successful cooperation, the current results point to a probable psychological source of the variation in cooperation humans display.

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