scholarly journals Pobreza e desigualdade social: fundamentos sociais e históricos | Poverty and social inequality: social and historical foundations

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (41) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciene Ferreira Mendes de Carvalho
Keyword(s):  
Social Inequality ◽  
Karl Marx ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Capitalist Society ◽  
Not Given ◽  
Social Production ◽  
Capitalist Mode ◽  
Historical Processes ◽  
Structural Aspects ◽  
Mode Of Production

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo a análise da pobreza e desigualdade social na sociedade capitalista contemporânea, demonstrando os seus aspectos estruturais, considerados a partir da lógica de reprodução do capital. Apresenta uma análise crítica e histórica acerca da pobreza e da desigualdade social, fundamentada no método materialista dialético elaborado por Karl Marx. Nesse sentido, compreende os processos históricos a partir dos modos de produção social, ou seja, da forma como os homens se organizam para produzir os bens necessários à satisfação de suas necessidades, sendo, portanto, o trabalho humano uma categoria central. Inicialmente, apresentam-se as formas de organização societária pré-capitalistas, determinadas pelo primitivismo, escravismo e feudalismo, a fim de evidenciar que a pobreza e a desigualdade social são construções sociais e históricas e nesse sentido, compreender os percursos trilhados para se chegar ao momento atual. Em seguida, evidencia-se o modo de produção capitalista, demonstrando que a pobreza e a desigualdade social são inerentes à lógica da acumulação, portanto são geradas e não dadas naturalmente. Palavras-chave: Pobreza; Desigualdade Social; Trabalho; Capitalismo.  Abstract — The present work has the objective of analyzing poverty and social inequality in contemporary capitalist society, demonstrating its structural aspects, considered from the logic of reproduction of capital. It presents a critical and historical analysis of poverty and social inequality, based on the dialectical materialist method elaborated by Karl Marx. In this sense, it understands historical processes from the modes of social production, that is, from the way men organize themselves to produce the goods necessary to satisfy their needs, and therefore, human work is a central category. Initially, the pre-capitalist forms of societal organization, determined by primitivism, slavery and feudalism, are presented in order to show that poverty and social inequality are social and historical constructions and, in this sense, to understand the current moment. Next, the capitalist mode of production is shown, demonstrating that poverty and social inequality are inherent in the logic of accumulation, so they are generated and not given naturally.Keywords: Poverty; Social inequality; Work; Capitalism.

Marx's Ecological Notebooks

2016 ◽  
Vol 67 (9) ◽  
pp. 25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kohei Saito
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Index Volume ◽  
Karl Marx ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Global Capitalism ◽  
Capitalist Mode ◽  
Monthly Review ◽  
First Time ◽  
Mode Of Production

Karl Marx has long been criticized for his so-called ecological "Prometheanism"&mdash;an extreme commitment to industrialism, irrespective of natural limits. This view, supported even by a number of Marxists, such as Ted Benton and Michael L&ouml;wy, has become increasingly hard to accept after a series of careful and stimulating analyses of the ecological dimensions of Marx's thought, elaborated in <em>Monthly Review</em> and elsewhere. The Prometheanism debate is not a mere philological issue, but a highly practical one, as capitalism faces environmental crises on a global scale, without any concrete solutions. Any such solutions will likely come from the various ecological movements emerging worldwide, some of which explicitly question the capitalist mode of production. Now more than ever, therefore, the rediscovery of a Marxian ecology is of great importance to the development of new forms of left strategy and struggle against global capitalism.&hellip; Yet there is hardly unambiguous agreement among leftists about the extent to which Marx's critique can provide a theoretical basis for these new ecological struggles.&hellip; This article&hellip; [takes] a different approach&hellip; [investigating] Marx's natural-scientific notebooks, especially those of 1868, which will be published for the first time in volume four, section eighteen of the new <em>Marx-Engels-Gesamtausgabe</em>(MEGA).<p class="mrlink"><p class="mrpurchaselink"><a href="http://monthlyreview.org/index/volume-67-number-9" title="Vol. 67, No. 9: February 2016" target="_self">Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the <em>Monthly Review</em> website.</a></p>

scholarly journals Reflexões sobre consumo consciente à luz do binômio cultura e ideologia / Reflections on conscious consumption in the light of the binomial culture and ideology

Profanações ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 62
Author(s):  
Fábio Rodrigues Alves ◽  
Dulce Whitaker
Keyword(s):  
Common Sense ◽  
Environmental Problems ◽  
Capitalist Society ◽  
Capitalist Mode ◽  
Television Advertisements ◽  
Communication Equipment ◽  
Scientific Sense ◽  
Mode Of Production

O eixo em torno do qual gira esta pesquisa, é um argumento que pode contrariar o senso comum e mesmo parte do senso científico. A pesquisa, desenvolvido a partir de conceitos marxistas, parte do desígnio de que a produção, impulsionada pelo modo de produção capitalista, e não o consumo, é a responsável pela devastação ambiental. Nesse diapasão, acreditamos que não se deve responsabilizar apenas o consumidor pelos problemas ambientais hodiernos, haja vista que empresários capitalistas se abrigam sob um véu eco-ideológico, lastreado no modo de produção capitalista. Ademais, o consumidor, como elo de uma cadeia inflexível de produção e reprodução, apenas cumpre seu papel e realiza o ato do consumo. Nesse desiderato, a produção cria as mercadorias que se tornarão necessidades para os consumidores, devidamente agraciadas com o seu próprio fetiche. Ainda, visando à divulgação e/ou impulsionamento das vendas das mercadorias produzidas, os empresários contratam os mais criativos publicitários, e por meio daquele sagrado equipamento de comunicação, a televisão, as propagandas televisivas, mesclam cultura e ideologia, e tornam o consumo um ato cultuado na sociedade capitalista.AbstractThe axis around which turns this research, is an argument that might contradict common sense and even part of the scientific sense. The research, developed from Marxist concepts of the design of the production, driven by the capitalist mode of production, not consumption, is responsible for environmental devastation. In this vein, we believe that we should not just blame the consumer by modern environmental problems, given that capitalist entrepreneurs take shelter under an eco-ideological veil, backed the capitalist mode of production. Moreover, the consumer, as a link in an inflexible chain of production and reproduction, only fulfills its role and performs the act of consumption. In this goal, the production creates goods that will become needs for consumers, duly honored with his own fetish. Still, in order to disclose and / or boosting sales of goods produced, entrepreneurs hire the best advertising creative, and through that sacred communication equipment, television, television advertisements, mix culture and ideology, and make the consumer an act worshiped in capitalist society.

Malebolge: The Capitalist Mode of Production as Fraud

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Clare Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Karl Marx ◽  
Ontological Status ◽  
Surplus Labor ◽  
Capitalist Mode ◽  
Labor Power ◽  
Mode Of Production

This chapter examines parts four through seven of Capital, where Karl Marx argues that capitalism is guilty of fraud. Rewriting Dante's long passage through the Malebolge (the ringed field where the sins of fraud are punished), Marx claims that the capitalist mode of production is a fraud, promising good but delivering evil. He insists that the accumulation of wealth as capital requires and creates a dependent population in excess of the demand for labor power. In order to appreciate Marx's distinctive approach to these matters, the chapter considers Pierre-Joseph Proudhon's writings, drawing special attention to the collective forces of production and the ontological status of association. It also discusses the three monsters of fraud mentioned by Marx in Capital, in particular the mechanism by which the surplus labor of the proletariat relates to the wages of labor.

Reading Capital, Reading Historical Capitalisms

2016 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 133
Author(s):  
Samir Amin
Keyword(s):  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
Private Property ◽  
Capitalist Society ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Capitalist Mode ◽  
Historical Reality ◽  
Scientific Analysis ◽  
The Social ◽  
Property Owners ◽  
Mode Of Production

Marx's Capital presents a rigorous scientific analysis of the capitalist mode of production and capitalist society, and how they differ from earlier forms. Volume 1 delves into the heart of the problem. It directly clarifies the meaning of the generalization of commodity exchanges between private property owners (and this characteristic is unique to the modern world of capitalism, even if commodity exchanges had existed earlier), specifically the emergence and dominance of value and abstract social labor.… Volume 2 demonstrates why and how capital accumulation functions, more specifically, why and how accumulation successfully integrates the exploitation of labor in its reproduction and overcomes the effects of the social contradiction that it represents.… Volume 3 of Capital is different. Here Marx moves from the analysis of capitalism in its fundamental aspects (its "ideal average") to that of the historical reality of capitalism.… To move from the reading of Capital (and particularly of volumes 1 and 2) to that of historical capitalisms at successive moments of their deployment has its own requirements, even beyond reading all of Marx and Engels.Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the Monthly Review website.

scholarly journals The discovery of surplus value: Karl Marx and Senior’s ‘last hour’

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-54
Author(s):  
Kenneth Smith
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Karl Marx ◽  
The Other ◽  
Surplus Value ◽  
Capitalist Mode ◽  
Oxford University ◽  
University Professor ◽  
Working Day ◽  
Capitalist Enterprise ◽  
Mode Of Production

This essay claims to discover the point at which Marx worked out his theory of surplus value sometime during the 10-year period between 1857 and the publication of Capital Vol. I in 1867. This, it is claimed, was due to his reading of a well-known pamphlet by an English Oxford University professor of political economy, Nassau W. Senior. Senior had claimed that capitalist manufacturers made all of their profit during the last hour of the then normal 12-hour working day. Marx knew that this was incorrect since, if Senior was right, the capitalists might just as well employ their workers for this 1 hour alone and not bother with the other 11 hours of the working day. The workers must then have been doing something else which was of value to the capitalists over and above merely producing their profit. This something else Marx realised was nothing less than the renewal of the worn out fabric of the capitalist enterprise and hence, along with this, the recreation year after year of the capitalists claims to be the legitimate owners of the enterprise. This essay then also claims to have identified two letters by Marx written just 11 months apart which might help to further date the discovery of surplus value, in the first of which, written in 1862, Marx gives Senior’s incorrect view of surplus value as profit and in the second of which, written in 1863, he gives his mature view of surplus value as profit plus the recreation of the capitalist mode of production itself. Having made this theoretical breakthrough by 1863, Marx finally stopped making notebooks and threw himself into the writing of Capital Vol. I in 1864, the year in which by chance Nassau Senior died.

The Compatibility of Freedom and Necessity in Marx’s Idea of Communist Society

2021 ◽  
pp. 162-191
Author(s):  
David James
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Intrinsic Value ◽  
Historical Materialism ◽  
Capitalist Society ◽  
Communist Society ◽  
Capitalist Mode ◽  
The Social ◽  
Practical Necessity ◽  
Historical Necessity ◽  
Mode Of Production

It is argued that the manner in which workers organize production and determine its goals explains how freedom and necessity are reconciled in Marx’s idea of communist society. Freedom and necessity are reconciled, moreover, in such a way that both self-realization and engagement in activities that possess some intrinsic value become possible, whereas this is not the case for workers in capitalist society. Communist society is explained in terms of a concept of freedom that incorporates three distinct types of freedom, whereas this concept of freedom is incompatible with the constraints generated by the capitalist mode of production and the social relations that emerge on its basis. The theme of how historical materialism is committed to the idea of historical necessity and seeks to explain this necessity in terms of practical necessity is then introduced.

Countering corporate violence: Degrowth, ecosocialism and organising beyond the destructive forces of capitalism

Organization ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 135050842097534
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Chertkovskaya ◽  
Alexander Paulsson
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Capitalist Society ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Primitive Accumulation ◽  
Economic Expansion ◽  
Capitalist Mode ◽  
Social Metabolism ◽  
Material Interest ◽  
Theoretical Frame ◽  
Mode Of Production

Corporate violence is a form of organised violence motivated or caused by material interest, profit-seeking or economic expansion. It is inflicted on human beings or ecosystems. Complementing a Marxist theoretical frame with literature on ecosocialism and degrowth, we examine how corporate violence is inherent to and has been consistently encouraged by the capitalist mode of production. By drawing on the concepts of primitive accumulation and social metabolism, we visibilise how such violence is manifested within the productive forces of capitalism – natural resources, labour, technology and money. Corporate violence, we argue, may only be countered in a post-capitalist society where the productive forces are radically transformed. We build on degrowth principles to articulate how corporate violence may be countered and how post-growth organising of productive forces may look.

The Implication for Socialism of Marx's Theory of the Tendency of the Rate of Profit to Fall

1994 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 292-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elias L. Khalil
Keyword(s):  
Karl Marx ◽  
Capitalist Production ◽  
Capitalist Mode ◽  
Ideal Form ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Per Se ◽  
The Law ◽  
Rate Of Profit ◽  
Mode Of Production

It is clear from the enormous literature on the subject that Karl Marx believed that his law of the tendency of the rate of profit to fall is applicable only to the capitalist mode of production. Is there, however, really anything in the law which confines it specifically to capitalist production? This is an important question which is not asked in an explicit manner in the literature on Marx's economics. His most important law or tendency about the internal contradictions of capitalist production might turn out to be a characteristic of production per se—including socialist production in its ideal form.

HISTORICAL ANALYSIS OF THE PROBLEMS OF ISLAM IN THE XXI CENTURY

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 134-140
Author(s):  
MAKSIM SHKVARUN ◽  
◽  
SEJRAN ISKENDEROV
Keyword(s):  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Arab Countries ◽  
Short History ◽  
Active Stage ◽  
Terrorist Organizations ◽  
Special Contribution ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
Political Analysis ◽  
Historical Processes ◽  
The Subject

The subject of the research is the degree of influence of Sunni and Shi’ism on political processes in Arab countries. The object of the research is Islam as the legal basis of the state. The authors examine in detail such aspects of the topic as the historical analysis of the origin of Islam, the reasons for the division of Islam into Sunnis and Shiites, a comparative analysis of the two branches of Islam, the peculiarities of the legal schools of Islam, the interaction of Sunnis and Shiites with state power. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of interpretations (kalams) of the Qur’an and Sunnah. The study is fundamental and is aimed at the historical and political analysis of Islam in the XXI century. The relevance of this topic is confirmed by numerous studies of the described problems. The main conclusions of the study are that one of the key problems in the Arab states is the issue of the origin of power, which remains relevant even in the XXI century. The authors’ special contribution to the study of the topic is the hypothesis that the radicalism of Islam is associated with its short history in comparison with Christianity. Thus, Islam in the XXI century. is still at an active stage of formation, which leads to the emergence of Islamic terrorist organizations. The novelty of this scientific study lies in the consideration of historical processes in the political discourse of the XXI century.

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