scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF INTEREST GROUPS IN LATVIA ON CENTRALIZATION

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 308-317
Author(s):  
Māris Pūķis ◽  
Lilita Seimuškāne
Keyword(s):  
Interest Groups ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Fiscal Decentralization ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
City Government ◽  
Parliamentary Election ◽  
Pressure Groups ◽  
Tier System ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Regional Governments

Latvia has experienced four administrative-territorial reforms in 30 years. In 1989, local and regional elections were the first democratic elections in Latvia since 1934. From 1990 to 1992, self-governments were the main authority for re-establishing national independence and transforming the country from totalitarianism to democracy. The transformation process starts with wide decentralization, including substantial fiscal decentralization and substantial administrative decentralization. The first reform was the centralization (1994) of Rīga city government (1 self-government instead of a two-tier system, with 6 district local governments and 1 city local government).  The second reform abolished elections in 26 regional councils (1998) and replaced them by delegates from local governments. The third reform (2009) was abolishing regional governments and reducing the number of local governments 5 times. The fourth reform will be implemented after June 5 2021, and its content is reduction of the number of municipalities 3 times. Therefore, from 596 local and regional governments in 1990s, Latvia will only have 42 local governments. All those reforms were directed towards centralization. Official goals of public administration reforms can differ from real intents of pressure groups, who impact ruling political parties and central government decisions. The paper aims to analyze reforms depending on pressure groups, who believe in benefits from centralization. Methods of policy analysis and grouping of statistics about administrative territories are used. They provided research shows that real goals of all four reforms were an expression of political competition. Dominating interest groups in each case have conflicting interests. Previous reforms facilitated emigration and peripheries effect, while the positive impact on regional development is not achieved. The impact of the last reform will largely depend on the results of the next parliamentary election of 2022.

THE IMPACT OF FISCAL DECENTRALIZATION ON TAX EFFORT OF CHINA'S LOCAL GOVERNMENTS AFTER THE TAX SHARING SYSTEM

2012 ◽  
Vol 57 (01) ◽  
pp. 1250005 ◽  
Author(s):  
JR-TSUNG HUANG ◽  
KUANG-TA LO ◽  
PO-WEN SHE
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Fiscal Decentralization ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Trade Openness ◽  
Fixed Effect Model ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Tax Effort ◽  
Effect Model ◽  
Tax Sharing ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of this study is to investigate whether and to what extent fiscal decentralization affects tax effort of local governments in China after the Tax Sharing System (TSS). This research provides different indexes of tax effort and fiscal decentralization in analysis. By using the panel data of 31 regions in China during the period of 1996–2006 and the two-way fixed-effect model, the empirical results show that fiscal decentralization has a significantly positive impact on tax effort of local governments. In addition, this positive influence of fiscal decentralization on tax effort increases over time. Finally, trade openness and industrialization level also will enhance the local government's tax effort.

scholarly journals Fiscal Devolution and Human Capital Formation in Nigeria: Emphasis on Independent Generated Funds of the Three Tiers of Government

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Cordelia Onyinyechi Omodero
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
State Government ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Fiscal Decentralization ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Capital Formation ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Human Capital Formation ◽  
The Impact

The benefits of human capital in a nation are enormous and all encompassing. This study investigates the impact of independent generated revenue of the three tiers of government in Nigeria on human capital formation from 2003 to 2017. The purpose is to determine the effect of internally generated revenue of each level of government on human beings in the country. Revenue powers of three tiers of government in Nigeria are the product of fiscal decentralization being practiced in the country. Thus, Ordinary Least Square technique has been employed to perform the multi-regression analysis using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. The findings indicate that federal and local governments’ independent generated funds do not have significant positive impact on human capital development while the state government independent generated revenue exerts significant positive influence on human development index used as proxy for human capital formation in Nigeria. Therefore, the study recommends among others that the three levels of government in the country should strive harder to boost independent revenues for more adequate investment in human capital of the nation.

scholarly journals Economic Growth by Means of Fiscal Decentralization: An Empirical Study for Federal Developing Countries

SAGE Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 215824402096808
Author(s):  
Imran Hanif ◽  
Sally Wallace ◽  
Pilar Gago-de-Santos
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Fiscal Federalism ◽  
Fiscal Decentralization ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Generalized Method Of Moments ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Tax Revenue ◽  
Weak Institutions ◽  
The Impact

The impact of fiscal federalism on economic performance has largely been studied in the developed world since the seminal work of Oates. In this article, we focus on a particular set of developing countries considered to be federal (Forum of Federations), to examine how fiscal decentralization has impacted their economic growth. In this context, we study the impact of tax revenue and expenditure decentralization on economic growth in developing federations. For this purpose, a panel data of 15 developing federations from 2000 to 2015 are analyzed by using a two-step system Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) estimation method. The results show that in federal developing countries, both tax revenue and expenditure decentralization have a significant, positive impact on economic growth. What is more, our findings show that the impact of fiscal decentralization on economic growth depends upon the level of perceived corruption and on the quality of the country’s institutions. Thus, empirical evidence depicts that the positive effect of fiscal decentralization on economic growth is tempered if the country is plagued with corruption, if it has weak institutions, and/or if it suffers from political instability. By contrast, a relatively corruption-free country featuring healthy institutions and a stable political environment could take fuller advantage of the effects of fiscal decentralization to improve economic growth.

Option effect of land transfer by city governments: a case study of Hangzhou

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ling Zhang ◽  
Minghui Zheng ◽  
Zheyan Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Option Value ◽  
Hedonic Price ◽  
City Governments ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Land Transfer ◽  
The Impact

PurposeThis paper aims to study the impact of land options on the land transfer behaviour of Chinese city governments.Design/methodology/approachBased on the institutional environment of Hangzhou, China, the option pricing model is used to measure the option value of the trading plots. The effect of the option value on the land transfer price and the timing of transfers are estimated respectively, using the hedonic price model and the survival analysis models.FindingsThe results show that the option value has a significant explanation on land price and timing of land transfers. Under the effect of option value, the positive impact of fiscal pressure on the possibility of land transfer weakens. From the perspective of the annual option premium rate, the option premium is closely related to the real estate cycle. Option premiums are higher during booms but lower during recessions and in new urban areas.Practical implicationsBy revealing the distinction of land option premiums in different places and times, this paper provides a reference for city governments seeking a balance between real estate regulation and obtaining more land revenue.Originality/valueBy introducing policy variables that reflect the degree of tightness of real estate regulation and indicators of local government financial pressure, the paper discusses the impact of options on the transfer behaviour of local governments in different situations.

scholarly journals The Influence of Fiscal Decentralization on Economic Growth

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 146-151
Author(s):  
Hendri Hendri ◽  
Efrizal Syofyan ◽  
Idris Idris
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Fiscal Decentralization ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Capital Expenditure ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Private Investment ◽  
City Government ◽  
Significant Positive Effect ◽  
Local Revenue ◽  
Positive Effect

The purpose of this study is to know and analyze the influence of the local revenue, the balance fund, the capital expenditure and the private investment on economic growth. This research is an exploratory study conducted on 19 regency/city government in West Sumatera Province. Data analysis techniques are descriptive analysis, classical assumption test, and panel data regression analysis. The results of this study found that: 1) The local revenue of the region has no significant effect on economic growth, 2) the Balance fund has a significant positive impact on economic growth, 3) the Capital expenditure has a significant positive effect on economic growth, 4) the Private investment has a significant positive effect on economic growth.

scholarly journals The Impact of Open Selection on the Number of Corruption Cases in High Leadership Positions (JPT) in Local Governments in Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-22
Author(s):  
Winda Hestiecia
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Leadership Positions ◽  
Political Costs ◽  
Total Capital ◽  
Alpha Level ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Merit System ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Depth Interviews

This study aims to explain the impact of implementing open selection on the amount of corruption in local government JPT in Indonesia. Using the difference-in-differences-in-differences (DDD) approach, this study analyzes panel data on JPT corruption in Indonesia that have been inkracht handled by the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) in the period 2009-2019. The results of theoretical studies and previous research have given rise to the hypothesis that the implementation of open selection has a positive impact on reducing JPT corruption cases in local governments in Indonesia. This study found that the implementation of open selection can reduce the number of corruption cases by -0.892% and significantly at the 10% alpha level in regions with high total capital expenditures. This finding demonstrates the positive impact of open selection on JPT corruption cases and thus supports previous studies on the positive impact of implementing a merit system, in particular open selection on the number of JPT corruption cases in regions with high total spending. In addition, to strengthen the research results by adding case studies and in-depth interviews with KASN and ICW. It was found that it greatly influenced the implementation of open selection. It is the high political costs in the regions that are the main cause that causes corruption of governors, mayors, and regents followed by regional officials to continue to occur.

scholarly journals The Effect of Fiscal Decentralization on the Accountability of City / District Government Financial Reporting in Indonesia and the Regional Government's Financial Performance as a Moderation Variable

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (7) ◽  
pp. 370-376
Author(s):  
Wahida Nurmuthmainnah ◽  
Syarifuddin . ◽  
Mediaty .
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Financial Performance ◽  
Financial Reporting ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Fiscal Decentralization ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Financial Reports ◽  
Regional Governments

This study aims to provide an overview of the effects of fiscal decentralization in proxies with regional independence and regional dependence on the central government regarding accountability of regional financial reporting and financial performance of Local Governments as moderating variables. The type of data used in this study is secondary data, panel data in the form of time series data from 2015 to 2017 and cross section data from 509 districts / cities in Indonesia. The sample selection in this study was purposive sampling by creating a cluster of western, central and eastern regions, so that 135 samples were obtained. The results showed that: (1) Regional independence had a positive effect on the accountability of local government financial reports. (2) Regional Dependence has a negative effect on the Accountability of Regional Government Financial Statements. (3) The financial performance of regional governments can moderate the influence of regional independence on the accountability of local government financial reports. (4) The financial performance of regional governments can moderate the effect of regional dependence on the accountability of local government financial statements.

scholarly journals Kebijakan Pemerintah Dalam Percepatan Penanganan Dampak Covid 19 Di Kota Denpasar

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 34-39
Author(s):  
I Nyoman Artayasa
Keyword(s):  
Government Policy ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
City Government ◽  
Formal Sector ◽  
Informal Workers ◽  
Cash Assistance ◽  
New Type ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

A Corona abstract Virus is a new type of coronavirus that is contagious to humans. The Virus can attack anyone, whether it is infants, children, adults, seniors, pregnant women, and nursing mothers.This viral infection is called COVID-19 and was first discovered in the city of Wuhan, China, at the end of December 2019The Virus is contagious rapidly and has spread to other regions in China and to several coun- tries, including Indonesia.The positive impact is more concerned with the health of all worlds in collaboration with each other.Air quality improved. Negative impact. Hoard food; Price of goods rose mainly masks, sanitizer, temperature gauge to the drug, purchasing power down, debt skyrocketed; Revenue decreased due to redeployed, can not pay installments to the bank on time; School and college fees increase to support learning with technology.Denpasar city government policy in accelerating the impact handling Covid 19 in Denpasar City:Program, the help of basic cash assistance to employees of the formal sector, the direct assistance of cash to the informal workers

Effective performance management of local governments in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

2019 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-45
Author(s):  
Altamash Janjua ◽  
Farrukh Attique ◽  
Adil Raza ◽  
Waqar Akbar
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Public Sector ◽  
Service Delivery ◽  
Performance Management ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ◽  
Effective Performance ◽  
The Impact

Purpose Effective performance management of local governments is essential for efficient service delivery to the citizens. This is especially true for developing countries where performance management of public sector is severely lacking. The purpose of this paper is to discuss a pioneering and effective performance management framework that has been implemented in the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Design/methodology/approach The paper outlines the design and implementation of the system in light of relevant research work. Latest digital technologies including smartphone applications and social media have been used to make the system effective and responsive to the needs of the citizens and sustainable in the long term. Findings The impact of the system includes a drastic reduction in polio infection cases by 90 percent in the province and the successful completion of one of the biggest afforestation campaigns in the world in recent years. In addition, noteworthy improvements in public health, education and municipal services have also been achieved through this system in a province that has a population of 30.5 m. Research limitations/implications The paper uses field data to highlight the positive impact of the system which has been operational for more than two years now. Practical implications The strong positive impact of the system supports the case for implementation of similar public sector reforms in other developing countries. Social implications The implementation of the system has resulted in significant improvements in social sector service delivery. Originality/value There is very limited literature available on successful performance management reforms in the public sector of the developing world. Therefore, this case study can be a very important resource.

scholarly journals The Impact of Internally Generated Revenue on Economic Development in Nigeria

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cordelia Onyinyechi Omodero ◽  
Michael Chidiebere Ekwe ◽  
John Uzoma Ihendinihu
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Series Data ◽  
P Value ◽  
Statistical Tool ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Test Of Hypotheses ◽  
The Impact

The study investigated the impact of internally generated revenue (IGR) on economic development of Nigeria. The inability of States and Local governments in Nigeria to generate enough revenue to cope with their expenditure responsibilities has been a serious challenge. The improper use of IGR and corruption have remained a setback to economic development in Nigeria, hence the clamour from the citizens. This study made use of ex-post facto research design to specifically examine the impact of total IGR (TIGR), Federal Government Independent Revenue (FGIR), States IGR (SIGR) and Local IGR (LIGR) Governments IGR on the Real Gross Domestic Product (RGDP i.e. proxy for economic development) of the country. The time series data employed covered a period from 1981 to 2016 and were gathered from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) Statistical Bulletin. The statistical tool used for the data analysis was the multi-regression and t-test for test of hypotheses. The findings of the study revealed that TIGR, SIGR and LIGR have robust and significant positive impact (p-value = 0.000 < 0.05) on RGDP, while FGIR also indicated positive and significant influence on RGDP. There was an existence of high correlation between the dependent and independent variables. The study concluded that the positive impact of IGR is not out of place but the physical evidence is apparently lacking and therefore government policies that could eradicate sharp practices in the government system are required. The study also recommends that government official with corruption history should not be allowed to continue to handle responsibilities rather; people with outstanding integrity should be given opportunity to occupy government positions that are sensitive and could help achieve economic development objectives.

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