scholarly journals Recovery Efficiency of an Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR) Experiment from Saline Aquifer under Controlled Conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 441-445
Author(s):  
Abhishek Anand Kaushal ◽  
Gopal Krishan ◽  
Govind Pandey
Keyword(s):  
Saline Water ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Fixed Time ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Aquifer Storage And Recovery ◽  
Recovery Efficiency ◽  
Aquifer Storage ◽  
Fixed Time Interval ◽  
Cumulative Time

Present work was carried out in an experimental model developed at the institute, sand was used as prototype artificial aquifer and was saturated with highly saline water having Electrical Conductivity (EC) equal to 8500 µS/cm. Fresh water with average EC = 467.50 µS/cm and temperature = 25oC was injected in the known amount in the saline water and this water was extracted at a fixed time interval of 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4, 8 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, and 168 hours in a cumulative time of 735.30 hours with average recovery efficiency of 63%. Recovered water has salinity equal to or less than 1000 µS/cm. Although, this experiment was carried out at a small scale but this can be tried at a bigger scale for skillfully managing the surface or reclaimed water in problematic areas where demand exceeds the supply.

scholarly journals Improved bounds for the availability and unavailability in a fixed time interval for systems of maintained, interdependent components

1980 ◽  
Vol 12 (01) ◽  
pp. 200-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Natvig
Keyword(s):  
Lower Bound ◽  
System Reliability ◽  
Nuclear Reactors ◽  
Random Variables ◽  
Fixed Time ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Coherent System ◽  
Exact Results ◽  
Fixed Time Interval ◽  
Special Case

In this paper we arrive at a series of bounds for the availability and unavailability in the time interval I = [t A , t B ] ⊂ [0, ∞), for a coherent system of maintained, interdependent components. These generalize the minimal cut lower bound for the availability in [0, t] given in Esary and Proschan (1970) and also most bounds for the reliability at time t given in Bodin (1970) and Barlow and Proschan (1975). In the latter special case also some new improved bounds are given. The bounds arrived at are of great interest when trying to predict the performance process of the system. In particular, Lewis et al. (1978) have revealed the great need for adequate tools to treat the dependence between the random variables of interest when considering the safety of nuclear reactors. Satyanarayana and Prabhakar (1978) give a rapid algorithm for computing exact system reliability at time t. This can also be used in cases where some simpler assumptions on the dependence between the components are made. It seems, however, impossible to extend their approach to obtain exact results for the cases treated in the present paper.

A PROPOSED FORMULA FOR HORIZONTAL REVENUE ALLOCATION IN NIGERIA

2012 ◽  
Vol 29 (06) ◽  
pp. 1250033
Author(s):  
VIRTUE U. EKHOSUEHI ◽  
AUGUSTINE A. OSAGIEDE
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Control ◽  
Federal Government ◽  
Optimal Control Theory ◽  
Fixed Time ◽  
Tax Revenue ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Fixed Time Interval ◽  
Hypothetical Data ◽  
Revenue Allocation ◽  
The Individual

In this study, we have applied optimal control theory to determine the optimum value of tax revenues accruing to a state given the range of budgeted expenditure on enforcing tax laws and awareness creation on the payment of the correct tax. This is achieved by maximizing the state's net tax revenue over a fixed time interval subject to certain constraints. By assuming that the satisfaction derived by the Federal Government of Nigeria on the ability of the individual states to generate tax revenue which is as near as the optimum tax revenue (via the state's control problem) is described by the logarithmic form of the Cobb–Douglas utility function, a formula for horizontal revenue allocation in Nigeria in its raw form is derived. Afterwards, we illustrate the use of the proposed horizontal revenue allocation formula using hypothetical data.

The evolution and measurement of a population of pairs

1995 ◽  
Vol 32 (04) ◽  
pp. 1048-1062 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Jakeman ◽  
Sean Phayre ◽  
Eric Renshaw
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Time ◽  
Statistical Properties ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Fixed Time Interval ◽  
Analytical Results

The statistical properties of a population of immigrant pairs of individuals subject to loss through emigration are calculated. Exact analytical results are obtained which exhibit characteristic even–odd effects. The population is monitored externally by counting the number of emigrants leaving in a fixed time interval. The integrated statistics for this process are evaluated and it is shown that under certain conditions only even numbers of individuals will be observed.

scholarly journals Maximizing the Expected Duration of Owning a Relatively Best Object in a Poisson Process with Rankable Observations

2009 ◽  
Vol 46 (02) ◽  
pp. 402-414
Author(s):  
Aiko Kurushima ◽  
Katsunori Ano
Keyword(s):  
Poisson Process ◽  
Stopping Time ◽  
Fixed Time ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Prior Density ◽  
Deterministic Equation ◽  
Fixed Time Interval ◽  
Unknown Number ◽  
Random Intensity ◽  
Time Selection

Suppose that an unknown number of objects arrive sequentially according to a Poisson process with random intensity λ on some fixed time interval [0,T]. We assume a gamma prior density G λ(r, 1/a) for λ. Furthermore, we suppose that all arriving objects can be ranked uniquely among all preceding arrivals. Exactly one object can be selected. Our aim is to find a stopping time (selection time) which maximizes the time during which the selected object will stay relatively best. Our main result is the following. It is optimal to select the ith object that is relatively best and arrives at some time s i (r) onwards. The value of s i (r) can be obtained for each r and i as the unique root of a deterministic equation.

The Hering-Breuer reflex in anesthetized infants: end-inspiratory vs. end-expiratory occlusion technique

1998 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 1437-1446 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Brown ◽  
J. Stocks ◽  
C. Aun ◽  
P. S. Rabbette
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Time ◽  
Inspiratory Effort ◽  
Stretch Receptor ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Respiratory Drive ◽  
Inspiratory Time ◽  
Lung Inflation ◽  
Fixed Time Interval ◽  
Fixed Proportion ◽  
Occlusion Technique

Both end-inspiratory (EIO) and end-expiratory (EEO) occlusions have been used to measure the strength of the Hering-Breuer inflation reflex (HBIR) in infants. The purpose of this study was to compare both techniques in anesthetized infants. In each infant, HBIR activity was calculated as the relative prolongation of expiratory and inspiratory time during EIO and EEO, respectively. Respiratory drive was assessed from the change in airway pressure during inspiratory effort against the occlusion, both at a fixed time interval of 100 ms (P0.1) and a fixed proportion (10%) of the occluded inspiratory time (P10%). Twenty-two infants [age 14.3 ± 6.4 (SD) mo] were studied. No HBIR activity was present during EIO [−11.8 ± 15.9 (SD) %]. By contrast, there was significant, albeit weak, reflex activity during EEO [HBIR: 27.2 ± 17.4%]. A strong HBIR (up to 310%) was elicited in six of seven infants in whom EIO was repeated after lung inflation. P0.1 was similar during both types of occlusions, whereas mean ± SD P10% was lower during EEO than during EIO: 0.198 ± 0.09 vs. 0.367 ± 0.15 kPa, respectively ( P < 0.01). These data suggest a difference in the central integration of stretch receptor activity in infants during anesthesia compared with during sleep.

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