scholarly journals Seasonal Fluctuation in Thermoregulatory Behaviour of Long-Billed Vulture (Gyps indicus) by Wing Stretching at Southern Rajasthan, India

2020 ◽  
pp. 354-363
Author(s):  
Nadim Chishty ◽  
Narayan Lal Choudhary
Keyword(s):  
Wind Velocity ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Seasonal Fluctuation ◽  
Direct Sunlight ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Cloudy Weather ◽  
Gyps Indicus ◽  
Regulate Body Temperature ◽  
Thermoregulatory Behaviour

Long-billed vulture is warm-blooded and they regulate body temperature by solar radiation. Thermoregulatory behaviour plays an important role for organism survival and its fitness. It also plays a major role in removal of ectozoons, cleaning of body and feathers, elimination of sand particles, wing flexibility and is also helpful in long distance flight. Maximum thermoregulation time recorded in winter were (680±95.65) and minimum were (516.07 ±68.66) seconds in summer in per day. Maximum thermoregulation time’s record in winter was due to low environmental temperature, high humidity and low wind velocity. In winter maximum average temperature was (27.12±2.88°C) and minimum was (8.63±3.03°C), while thermoregulation time minimum recorded in summer due to high environmental temperature. In summer season maximum average temperature was recorded (39.34± 2.10°C) and minimum was (23.08±4.49°C). Thermoregulation is influenced by various ecological parameters like- temperature, rain, sunshine period, wind velocity and cloudy weather. Thermoregulatory times reduced when environmental temperature increased. In summer long billed vulture protect nestling from direct sunlight.

Long distance nitrogen air pollution effects on lichens in Europe

2003 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 347-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. van Herk ◽  
E. A. M. Mathijssen-Spiekman ◽  
D. de Zwart
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Pollution Effects ◽  
Strong Negative Correlation ◽  
Epiphytic Lichen ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Air Pollution Effects ◽  
Significant Regression ◽  
Annual Average Temperature

AbstractThe epiphytic lichen flora of 25 European ICP-IM monitoring sites, all situated remote from air pollution sources, was statistically related to measured levels of SO2 in air, NH4+, NO3− and SO42− in precipitation, annual bulk precipitation, and annual average temperature. Significant regression models were calculated for eleven acidophytic species. Several species strong negative correlation with nitrogen compounds. At concentrations as low as 0·3 mg N l−1 in precipitation, a decrease of the probability of occurrence is observed for Bryoria capillaris, B. fuscescens, Cetraria pinastri, Imshaugia aleurites and Usnea hirta. The observed pattern correlations strongly suggests a key role of NH4+ in determining the species occurrence, additional role of NO3− cannot be ruled out. Some species show a distinct response to current of SO2 well. It may be concluded that long distance nitrogen air pollution has strong influence the occurrence of acidophytic lichen species.

Effects of environmental temperature and exercise on the biochemical characteristics of hamster intestine

1991 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 594-599
Author(s):  
C. Roberfroid ◽  
J. Gobin ◽  
G. Dandrifosse ◽  
N. Romain
Keyword(s):  
Small Bowel ◽  
Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Biochemical Analysis ◽  
Diamine Oxidase ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Leucine Aminopeptidase ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Biochemical Characteristics

The effects of increasing environmental temperature and of exercise on some biochemical characteristics of the intestinal mucosa were analyzed in hamsters to determine whether damage occurs to the intestine during exercise, because long-distance runners complain of cramp, diarrhea, or retrostaltic symptoms, especially when exercise is performed at high temperatures. Two sets of experiments were carried out on groups of five animals. First, one group stayed at rest at 20 degrees C while another group performed exercise for 30 min at the same temperature. Second, one group of animals remained at rest at 20 degrees C for 16 h, a second group was placed at 32 degrees C for the same period, and a third group was subjected to the latter treatment but in addition performed two 20-min exercises. The animals were killed immediately after the experiment. After the small bowel was removed, biopsies were taken for histological examination, and the remaining small bowel tissue was homogenized for biochemical analysis. During exercise performed at 20 degrees C or during exposure to 32 degrees C, the DNA weight (expressed as a function of the protein weight) increased; the specific activity of sucrase, leucine aminopeptidase, diamine oxidase, and maltase decreased; spermine and putrescine content generally decreased; and the weight of mucosal proteins per length of intestine did not vary significantly. When exercise was performed at 32 degrees C, we noted few modifications in the values of the intestinal parameters tested, i.e., changes in only the weight of mucosa expressed as a function of bowel length and, perhaps, the spermine or putrescine content.

Shorn and unshorn Awassi sheep II. Pulse rate

1963 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Eyal
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Pulse Rate ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Direct Sunlight ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Awassi Sheep ◽  
Summer Temperatures ◽  
Vasomotor Activity ◽  
Environmental Temperatures ◽  
Daily Changes

1. A comparison was made between the pulse rate of shorn and unshorn sheep maintained in the shade and direct sunlight during the various seasons of the year.2. The variability of the pulse rate during the day generally agreed with the daily changes in body temperature and presumed level of metabolism. Fluctuations were greater in unshorn sheep.3. Pulse rate was lower during summer (60–100 for unshorn and 63–100 for shorn sheep) than in winter (90–130 for unshorn and 90–115 for shorn sheep). It tended to increase with a rise in ambient temperature, especially during winter and spring. A lower pulse rate accompanied a rise in environmental temperature, during summer. The slowest pulse rate of 42 per minute was observed during summer in the hot dry area.4. The pulse rate of both groups increased with a rise in rectal temperature, particularly at low ambient temperatures. At comparable rectal temperatures, a higher average pulse rate was observed in shorn sheep during winter and spring. With elevated summer temperatures, equal pulse rates were noted in both groups of equal rectal temperatures. Since the rectal temperatures of the shorn exceeded that of unshorn sheep, in high environmental temperatures, and in the sun, their pulse rate under these conditions was also higher.5. The differences in pulse rate between the two groups appeared to reflect the combined effects of metabolic rate, body temperature and the vasomotor activity, all of which vary with season and environmental temperatures.

EFFECTS OF THE TEMPERATURE OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND THE DRINKING WATER ON THE BODY TEMPERATURE AND WATER CONSUMPTION OF SHEEP

1962 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. B. Bailey ◽  
R. Hironaka ◽  
S. B Slen
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
The Body ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissues ◽  
Environmental Temperatures ◽  
Reduced Water

Temperatures in the rumen, rectum, and subcutaneous tissues of four sheep receiving [Formula: see text] pounds of alfalfa hay per day were recorded at environmental temperatures of 15 °C. and −12 °C. The temperature of the drinking water was 20 °C. when the environmental temperature was 15 °C. and variously 0°, 10°, 20°, and 30 °C. during four different periods when the environmental temperature was −12 °C. At both environmental temperatures, the temperature in the rumen was higher than that in the rectum which, in turn, was higher than that in the subcutaneous tissues. The consumption of feed caused a transient increase in the temperature in the rumen and rectum while the consumption of water caused a transient decrease in the temperature in the rumen. A reduction in environmental temperature from 15 °C. to −12 °C. caused decreases in the temperatures in the rumen, rectum, and subcutaneous tissues, and reduced water intake from about 1600 to about 800 milliliters/day. At an environmental temperature of −12 °C., the temperature of the drinking water did not influence the amount of water consumed. It did, however, have an effect on body temperature because the average temperature in the rectum was slightly higher when the drinking water was 0 °C. than when it was 30 °C.

scholarly journals Influence of vegetation type and temperature on the performance of constructed wetlands for nutrient removal

2017 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 829-837 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Zhu ◽  
Qing-wei Zhou ◽  
Bai-xing Yan ◽  
Yin-xiu Liang ◽  
Xiang-fei Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Constructed Wetlands ◽  
Nutrient Removal ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Rhizosphere Soil ◽  
Vegetation Type ◽  
Lythrum Salicaria ◽  
Vegetation Types ◽  
Sharp Decline ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Different Temperatures

Abstract In this study, the influence of vegetation type and environmental temperature on performance of constructed wetlands (CWs) was investigated. Results of vegetation types indicated that the removal of most nutrients in polyculture was greater than those in monoculture and unplanted control. The greatest removal percentages of NH4+-N, total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) in polyculture were 98.7%, 98.5%, and 92.6%, respectively. In experiments of different temperatures, the removal percentages of NH4+-N, NO3−-N, TN and TP in all CWs tended to decrease with the decline of temperature. Especially, a sharp decline in the removal percentages of NO3−-N (decreased by above 13.8%) and TN (decreased by above 7.9%) of all CWs was observed at low temperature (average temperature of 8.9 °C). Overall, the performance of CWs was obviously influenced by temperature, and the polyculture still showed best performance in the removal of nitrogen when the average temperature dropped to 19.8 °C. Additionally, the variations of urease activities in rhizosphere soil tended to decrease with the decreasing temperature. Overall, a substantial enhancement for nitrogen and TP removal in polyculture (Canna indica + Lythrum salicaria) was observed. In conclusion, CW cultivated with polyculture was a good strategy for enhancing nutrient removal when temperature was above 19.8 °C.

Positive feedback from climate warming to carbon sequestration in boreal forests

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pekka Kauppi ◽  
Tomas Lundmark ◽  
Annika Nordin
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Carbon Sequestration ◽  
Forest Management ◽  
Climate Warming ◽  
Positive Feedback ◽  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Cloudy Weather

<p>EGU Abstract, 3-8 May, Vienna 2020<br>Session BG3.19 <br>Climate change and adaptive forest management: Effects, Methods, and Objectives</p><p>Positive feedback from climate warming to carbon sequestration in boreal forests<br>Pekka Kauppi1,2, Tomas Lundmark2 and Annika Nordin2<br>1University of Helsinki, Department of Forest Sciences, POBOX 27, Fin-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland<br>2 Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Dpt Forest Ecology and Management, 90183 Umeå, Sweden<br>[email protected]<br>[email protected]<br>[email protected]</p><p>'Wovon man nicht sprechen kann, darüber muß man schweigen.' (“Whereof one cannot speak, thereof one must be silent.”). This quote of Ludwig Wittgenstein is thought-provoking regarding beneficial effects of climate change. Logically, climate warming must provoke favorable environmental effects in some regions and over certain periods of time despite the prospects of dramatic detrimental effects of global warming on the environment in the long term. Our focus is on boreal forests in recent past.<br>Devastating effects of climate warming on terrestrial ecosystems have been recorded in many parts of the world. Heat waves have enhanced wildfires. In Australia alone, wildfires disturbed more than six million hectares of land in 2019-2020. Will climate warming undermine the contribution of land use management to climate change mitigation? - Most surprisingly, we report here a reverse relationship from north Europe. Climate warming has amplified the favorable impacts of land management on carbon sequestration. This is a forest-climate paradox, maybe temporary and anecdotal but persistent and firmly documented in Finland, Norway and Sweden since 1990.<br>Springtime is the most interesting season for forest biota in north Europe. During spring in north Europe, soil is rich in moisture from the snow melt. Days are long as of the beginning of April. Cloudy weather is unusual in the springtime. When spring comes early, there is plenty of solar radiation and water available for photosynthesis and growth. Warm spring evokes an early bud burst. Conversely, cold spring delays the onset of the growing season. April and May temperatures were exceptionally high during the period 1990-2013 (Figs. 1a and 1b) . Similar patterns of climate warming were observed in Norway and Sweden.<br> <br> <br>Figure 1a. Average temperature in Finland in April during 1847-2013 (degrees centigrade).<br> <br> <br>Figure 1b. Average temperature in Finland in May during 1847-2013 (degrees centigrade).<br>Especially during 1990-2019 the growing seasons in north Europe turned out to be long. The Net Primary Production and forest carbon sink improved. Forest increment in north Europe approximately doubled from 1970 to 2010 responding to multiple drivers . A combination of successful forest management and environmental change created an interesting paradox promoting forest ecosystem services. Carbon sink improved concomitantly with increasing harvests for the forest industries, an important economic sector in the region.<br>In so far, climate warming specifically in north Europe has contributed significantly to the evolution and persistence of the carbon sink and to fossil fuel substitution. Future research is needed to monitor this feedback from climate warming to carbon sequestration.</p><p> </p>

An Analysis of the Flight of an Aeroplane, when directed by means of a Radio Beacon, for all possible values of Wind Velocity

1937 ◽  
Vol 41 (319) ◽  
pp. 591-594
Author(s):  
F. B. Greatrex
Keyword(s):  
Wind Velocity ◽  
Direction Finding ◽  
Maximum Deviation ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Radio Beacon ◽  
The Way

In these days of long distance flights across large stretches of ocean aeroplanes will make considerable use of radio direction-finding apparatus, enabling them to keep their course on to a transmitting station at their goal. Over the Atlantic, for example, a series of beacons all the way across would be quite impracticable. The following is an analysis of the course flown by an aeroplane under these circumstances, showing also the increase in flying time over that on a compass course, and also the maximum deviation from the compass course.

scholarly journals Leeches run cold, then hot

2011 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 941-943 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann M. Petersen ◽  
Wendy Chin ◽  
Kara L. Feilich ◽  
Grace Jung ◽  
Jessica L. Quist ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Acclimation Temperature ◽  
Body Volume ◽  
Energy Costs ◽  
Behavioural Strategy ◽  
Preferred Temperatures ◽  
Thermoregulatory Behaviour ◽  
Blood Meals ◽  
Selection Of

Food processing is costly, potentially limiting the energy and time devoted to other essential functions such as locomotion or reproduction. In ectotherms, post-prandial thermophily, the selection of a warm environmental temperature after feeding, may be advantageous in minimizing the duration of this elevated cost. Although present in many vertebrate taxa, this behaviour had not previously been observed in invertebrates. Sanguivorous leeches ingest large blood meals that are costly to process and limit mobility until excess fluid can actively be expelled to reduce body volume. When presented with a temperature gradient from 10°C to 30°C, leeches select a temperature that is significantly warmer (24.3 ± 0.9°C, n = 6) than their acclimation temperature ( T a , 21°C). Unfed leeches preferred temperatures that were significantly cooler than ambient (12.8 ± 0.9°C, n = 6). This behavioural strategy is consistent with minimizing the time course of elevated post-feeding energy costs and reducing energy expenditure during fasting. Our observations raise the possibility that thermoregulatory behaviour of this type is an unrecognized feature of other invertebrate taxa.

scholarly journals Meteorological Factors and the Transmissibility of Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease in Xiamen City, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingwen Xu ◽  
Meng Yang ◽  
Zeyu Zhao ◽  
Mingzhai Wang ◽  
Zhinan Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wind Velocity ◽  
Meteorological Factors ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Temperature Threshold ◽  
Transmission Characteristics ◽  
Seasonal Transmission ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Average Wind ◽  
Autumn And Winter ◽  
Average Wind Velocity

Background: As an emerging infectious disease, the prevention and control of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) poses a significant challenge to the development of public health in China. In this study, we aimed to explore the mechanism of the seasonal transmission characteristics of HFMD and to reveal the correlation and potential path between key meteorological factors and the transmissibility of HFMD.Methods: Combined with daily meteorological data such as average temperature, average relative humidity, average wind velocity, amount of precipitation, average air pressure, evaporation capacity, and sunshine duration, a database of HFMD incidence and meteorological factors was established. Spearman rank correlation was used to calculate the correlation between the various meteorological factors and the incidence of HFMD. The effective reproduction number (Reff) of HFMD was used as an intermediate variable to further quantify the dynamic relationship between the average temperature and Reff.Results: A total of 43,659 cases of HFMD were reported in Xiamen from 2014 to 2018. There was a significantly positive correlation between the average temperature and the incidence of HFMD (r = 0.596, p < 0.001), and a significantly negative correlation between the average air pressure and the incidence of HFMD (r = −0.511, p < 0.001). There was no correlation between the average wind velocity (r = 0.045, p > 0.05) or amount of precipitation (r = 0.043, p > 0.05) and incidence. There was a temperature threshold for HFMD's transmissibility. Owing to the seasonal transmission characteristics of HFMD in Xiamen, the temperature threshold of HFMD's transmissibility was 13.4–18.4°C and 14.5–29.3°C in spring and summer and in autumn and winter, respectively.Conclusions: HFMD's transmissibility may be affected by the average temperature; the temperature threshold range of transmissibility in autumn and winter is slightly wider than that in spring and summer. Based on our findings, we suggest that the relevant epidemic prevention departments should pay close attention to temperature changes in Xiamen to formulate timely prevention strategies before the arrival of the high-risk period.

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