scholarly journals Impact of Neem Oil on Malathion in the Fish Oreochromis mossambicus

2020 ◽  
pp. 314-322
Author(s):  
Jothigayathri D ◽  
Amthul Azeez ◽  
Akthari Begum F ◽  
Lubna Ghazia C M
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Chronic Toxicity ◽  
Oreochromis Mossambicus ◽  
Toxicity Study ◽  
Free Sugar ◽  
Fresh Water Fish ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Neem Oil ◽  
Cell Degeneration ◽  
Group I

The far reaching dissemination and toxic nature of pesticides and their elements seriously affects the aquatic surroundings, and exerts negative consequences on the related organisms. The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of malathion and neem oil individually and also in combination on the fresh water fish, Oreochromis mossambicus to elucidate the change in the different target organs like liver and kidney with reference to biochemical and histopathological studies. Median lethal concentration (LC50) of neem oil and malathion was maintained for acute toxicity (96 hours) and chronic toxicity (21 days) studies. Further the fishes were segregated into 4 groups where in each group contained 6 fishes. Group I fishes were maintained in tap water, Group II in neem oil, Group III fishes were maintained in malathion , Group IV fishes were maintained in both neem oil and malathion. The LC50 dose of neem oil and malathion was found to be 0.9 ml/L and 3.52 mg/L respectively. The results of biochemical analysis revealed that total protein and lipid increased in combination of neem oil and malathion which was comparatively more than that of the neem oil and malathion maintained individually. The total free sugar showed a decrease in combination as well as individually in acute toxicity study .However there is an increase in total free sugar as observed in chronic toxicity study. Histopathological study in acute and chronic toxicity (i) in liver, fishes exposed to neem oil showed normal hepatocellular architecture while fishes exposed to malathion only and those of malathion combined with neem oil showed hepatocellular degeneration while the latter showed the signs of recovery (ii) in kidney the neem oil exposed fishes showed normal renal architecture , malathion exposed fishes showed epithelial cell degeneration and necrosis, while those exposed to neem oil and malathion combined showed mild degeneration. This study indicated the action of neem oil which has interacted with malathion and reveals a protective influence on harmful effects of the toxicant.

Toxicity Study of Potash Extract, “jar Kanwa”: An Earthy Material Consumed for Remedy of various Ailments in Northern Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 197-201
Author(s):  
A Rabiu ◽  
S Malami
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Chronic Toxicity ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Toxicity Study ◽  
Northern Nigeria ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii

Potash comprises potassium bearing minerals. These minerals are traditionally used for treatments of many ailments in Northern Nigeria with little knowledge of their safety profile. Acute toxicity (LD50) study of the potash extract was carried out on adults Wistar rats. Based on the result of LD50; four groups of Wistar rats; Group I, II, III and IV, each containing six males were formed. Group I was administered distilled water while group II was administered 20% (1,000 mg/kg) of the highest non-lethal dose. Group III and IV were administered 10% (500 mg/kg) and 5% (250 mg/kg) of the highest non-lethal dose respectively. These were done continuously for 28 days. Intakes of food and water were recorded daily while weights of animals were recorded weekly. There was no mortality at both phase 1& 2 of the LD50. Results of chronic toxicity revealed two mortalities recorded in group II. Acute toxicity studies of potash extract showed that it is generally safe but in sub-chronic toxicity study, the extract was lethal on the experimental animals at higher doses. Therefore, consumption of this earthy material on a long term basis should be discouraged due to its lethal effects on animal studies

Acute and sub-chronic oral toxicities of DA.AMLODEPON HVD hard capsule in experimental animals

2021 ◽  
Vol 148 (12) ◽  
pp. 58-67
Author(s):  
Pham Thi Van Anh ◽  
Nguyen Van Dam ◽  
Nguyen Van Dat ◽  
Pham Thanh Ky ◽  
Nguyen Trong Thong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Chronic Toxicity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Toxicity Study ◽  
World Health ◽  
Histopathological Analysis ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
General Conditions

Assessment of toxicities of DA.AMLODEPON HVD hard capsule on experimental animals. The acute toxicity of DA.AMLODEPON HVD was assessed on Swiss mice according to World Health Organization Guidance, and LD50 determination according to the method of Litchfield – Wilcoxon. The sub-chronic toxicity study of DA.AMLODEPON HVD at two doses (0.42 g/kg/day and 1.26g/kg/day) was conducted in rats for four consecutive weeks. After administration, general conditions and the body weight of rats were evaluated. Blood samples were collected for analyzing serum parameters before treatment (T0), second week (T1), and fourth week (T2). Histopathological analysis of livers and kidneys was observed at the end of the experiment. The results revealed that mice were taken up to a maximum dose of 39.15 g/kg with no symptoms of acute toxicity, LD50 of DA.AMLODEPON HVD has not been determined. The sub-chronic toxicity study at two doses did not change the body weight of rats, general conditions. The parameters for structures and functions of livers and kidneys and microscopic of the livers and kidneys are in a normal range during the study period.

Acute toxicity study of the oil from Azadirachta indica seed (neem oil)

1988 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manoj Gandhi ◽  
Ramesh Lal ◽  
Alangudi Sankaranarayanan ◽  
Chander Kanta Banerjee ◽  
Pyare Lal Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Azadirachta Indica ◽  
Toxicity Study ◽  
Neem Oil ◽  
Acute Toxicity Study

scholarly journals Antinociceptive, Anti-inflammatory Effects and Safety of Ziziphus mistol Fruits

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Reynoso ◽  
A. Daud ◽  
M. Belizán ◽  
A. Riera ◽  
N. Vera
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Chronic Toxicity ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Toxicity Study ◽  
Antinociceptive Activity ◽  
Biliary Colic ◽  
Tail Flick ◽  
Cotton Pellet ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Ziziphus mistol Griseb. (Rhamnaceae), popularly known as “mistol,” is widely distributed throughout Perú, Bolivia, Paraguay and Argentina. Its fruit is consumed in different forms in several argentinean communities and used against biliary colic, dysentery, cold stomach and diseases of the respiratory system characterized by pain and inflammation. The present study was carried out to investigate the medicinal properties and safety of Ziziphus mistol (mistol) fruits ethanol and aqueous extracts and arrope. Antinociceptive activity was assessed using the formalin, acetic acid-induced writhing and tail-flick tests in rats. Anti-inflammatory effects were determined through carrageenan induced edema test and cotton pellet-induced granuloma formation, in rats. The safety was evaluated with test of acute toxicity (48 hours) and sub-chronic toxicity (91 days). All extracts (1,000 mg/kg b.w.) showed significant inhibition (P less than 0.05) in the three model of pain experimentally induced in comparison to control. In a combination test using naloxone, diminished analgesic activity of aqueous extract and arrope were observed, indicating that their antinociceptive activity is connected with the opioid receptors. At dose 1000 mg/kg bw, the aqueous extract and arrope showed higher anti-inflammatory activity than the ethanol extract, in carrageenan and cotton pellet granuloma model used. In the acute toxicity study, a single dose of 4000 and 8000 mg/kg b.w., produced no mortality and no clinical signs of disease were observed after 48 hours. In the sub-chronic toxicity study the extracts no caused significant visible signs of toxicity, nor mortality for 91 consecutive days of treatment. Extracts and arrope of Z. mistol fruits could be good source of antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory agents because of its good activity and safety.

scholarly journals Acute and subacute toxicity of Ammi visnaga on rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-35
Author(s):  
Khaled M. M. Koriem ◽  
Mahmoud S. Arbid ◽  
Marwa A. El-Attar
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Oral Intake ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Toxicity Study ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Subacute Toxicity ◽  
Ammi Visnaga ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group 3

Abstract Ammi visnaga (Av) is a source of khellin where a tea made from the fruit of this plant was used as herbal medicine for kidney stones in Egypt. In the present research, the acute and subacute toxicity studies with oral intake of 150, 300 and 600 mg/kg of Av seed ethanolic extract in rats were done. In acute toxicity test, 4 groups of rats (n = 6/group: 3 males and 3 females) were chosen and the first control group received tap water, while the other three groups received Av seed ethanolic extract dissolved in tap water at doses of 150, 300, and 600 mg/kg, and general behavior, adverse effects, and mortality were recorded for up to 14 days. In subacute toxicity study, 72 rats (36 males and 36 females) were divided into 4 major groups; group I received tap water (control group), while animals in groups II, III, and IV (test groups) received oral intake of Av seed ethanolic extract dissolved in tap water at doses of 150, 300 and 600 mg/kg bwt, respectively. Each of this major group was subdivided consequently into 3 subgroups (n = 6/group: 3 males and 3 females) where brain tissue, blood sample, body and organs weights were recorded at the beginning and then after two and four weeks of the experiment for the determination of hematological, biochemical and histopathological changes in tissues (liver, kidney, brain, spleen, heart, testis and ovary). With regard to acute toxicity, Av seed ethanolic extract did not induce any toxic effects or death or any organ toxicity. In subacute toxicity study; oral intake with Av seed ethanolic extract did not reveal any change in body and organs weights, hematological parameters, serum glucose and cholesterol, brain neurotransmitters, liver and kidney functions, male and female hormones. In conclusion, Av seed ethanolic extract is nontoxic to liver, kidney, brain, spleen, heart, testis and ovary.

scholarly journals Acute and Sub-chronic Toxicity Studies on Methanol Stem Bark Extract of Frankincense Tree (Boswellia dalzielii) and Leaves Extract of Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus)

2021 ◽  
pp. 33-38
Author(s):  
S. Salihu ◽  
C. A. Otitolaiye ◽  
M. U. Hizbullah
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Chronic Toxicity ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Toxicity Study ◽  
Bark Extract ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Stem Bark Extract ◽  
Oral Acute Toxicity

Aim: Frankincense tree (Boswellia dalzielii) and Kenaf (H. cannabinus) are plants abundantly found in north-western Nigeria. These plants are very popular among the locals as potent sources of ethno medicine. The present study investigates the oral acute toxicity potentials of methanolic stem bark extract of frankincense tree and Kenaf leaves, as well as sub-chronic toxicity potentials of the plants extracts on the kidney and liver of Albino rats. Study Design: Laboratory-experimental design was used for this study. Place and Duration of Study: This study was carried out between September 2019 and November 2019 at Biochemistry laboratory, Sokoto State University, Sokoto, Nigeria. Methodology: For the oral acute toxicity study, the revised “Up and Down” test (Limit Dose Test) was used to determine the LD50 of the extracts. For sub-chronic toxicity study, twenty albino rats were used for each plant, and were divided into four groups of five animals each. Group I (control), Group II (received 200 mg extract/kg body weight), Group III (received 400 mg extract/kg body weight) and Group IV (received 800 mg extract/kg body weight). All administrations were given orally for 28 days. Liver and kidney markers were determined using standard methods. Result: The oral acute toxicity test of the plant extracts at 3000 mg/kg body weight showed no mortality for 24 hours and subsequent 14days of administration. LD50 for both plants is therefore greater than 3000 mg/kg. The result shows no significant differences (p > 0.05) on liver and kidney function biomarkers investigated when Group II, III and IV are compared with control. Conclusion: This suggests that Frankincense stem bark and kenaf leaves extracts may be safe in rats at doses less than or equal 3000 mg/kg.

Toxicological evaluation of the stem bark of Burkea africana hook. (Caesalpiniaceae) in wistar rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 33-40
Author(s):  
O.K. Eboji ◽  
A.A. Sowemimo ◽  
O.O. Ogunkunle ◽  
M.O. Sofidiya ◽  
K.B. Badmos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Chronic Toxicity ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Total Mortality ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Toxicity Study ◽  
Toxicological Evaluation ◽  
Acute Toxicity Study ◽  
Acute And Chronic Toxicity

Burkea africana Hook. (Caesalpiniaceae) is used traditionally to treat ulcers, headaches, skin disease and tumors. The study investigated the acute, sub-acute and chronic toxicity profiles of the ethanolic extract of Burkea africana stem bark. Rats of either sexes were used in this study (n=10). For  acute toxicity, a single dose of 5,000 mg/kg was administered while for the sub-acute and chronic toxicity study, three doses (40, 200 and 1000  mg/kg) of the extract were administered orally for 28 and 90 days respectively. At the end of each study, the biochemical, hematological and  histological parameters were evaluated. No mortality or behavioral changes were observed in the acute toxicity study. Extract caused significant  changes in the hematological parameters after the sub-acute toxicity study. In the chronic toxicity study, the extract caused significant increase in  the white blood cell count of the 200 mg/kg group. There was significant increase in the platelet count of treated groups compared to control in the sub-acute and chronic toxicity studies, with an observed total mortality of all the animals in the 1000 mg/kg group on the 44th day. No adverse pathology was observed in the organs examined. The extract elicited a hematological response and short term consumption of the extract at low doses might be relatively safe. However, long term consumption at high doses should be discouraged.

EVALUATION OF TOXICITY AND ANTIASTHMATIC POTENTIAL OF AN AYURVEDIC FORMULATION ON EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS

INDIAN DRUGS ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (02) ◽  
pp. 61-67
Author(s):  
Manisha Sahu ◽  
Raj K. Tiwari ◽  
Vikas Sharma ◽  
Shiv S. Shukla ◽  
Ravindra K. Pandey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Chronic Toxicity ◽  
Marked Decrease ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Toxicity Study ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Acute Toxicity Study ◽  
Guinea Pig Model ◽  
Dose Levels ◽  
Oral Acute Toxicity

The aim of this study was to explore acute and chronic toxicity as well as antiasthmatic potential of the ayurvedic formulation Nayopayam Kashayam on experimental animals. The present study was targeted for the study of its toxicity profile along with its antiasthmatic activity. The acute toxicity study was carried out using OECD 425 CPCSEA guideline in albino wistar rats. Oral acute toxicity study was performed at 2000mg/kg orally, which was considered as limit dose. The chronic toxicity study was carried out with administration of Nayopayam Kashayam at three therapeutic equivalent doses i.e. TED (45mg/kg, orally), TEDx5 (225 mg/kg, orally) and TEDx10 (450 mg/kg, orally) for 90 days. Further, antiasthmatic study was carried out using histamine-induced bronchospasm in guinea pig model. The results of acute toxicity studies showed that drug did not create any signs and symptoms of toxicity and no mortality was shown to an oral dose of 2000 mg/kg in rats. The results of chronic toxicity study showed that the drug even at level as high as dose of TEDx10 had no significant effect at all on hematological and body weight parameters, however mild to moderate unfavorable changes in kidney and liver were indicated. The experiential changes were not seen at the lower dose levels. The drug also showed a marked decrease in hiccups of asthma during antiasthmatic study. Hence, it is suggested that the Nayopayam Kashayam, prepared as per the traditional method, is secured/safe for utilization and treatment of asthma at the therapeutic dose level.

PHARMACOGNOSTIC, ANTIOXIDANT AND ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF Ficus sycomorus (Linn) (Moraceae) ROOT AND STEM BARK

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 605-614
Author(s):  
Murtala M. Namadina ◽  
H. Haruna ◽  
U. Sanusi
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
The Body ◽  
Toxicity Study ◽  
Bark Extract ◽  
Root Extract ◽  
Acute Toxicity Study ◽  
Radical Scavenging Ability ◽  
Phytochemical Components

Most of biochemical reactions in the body generates Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), which are involved in the pathogenesis of oxidative stress-related disorders like diabetes, nephrotoxicity, cancer, cardiovascular disorders, inflammation and neurological disorders when they attack biochemical molecules like proteins, lipids and nucleic acid. Antioxidants are used to protect the cells or tissues against potential attack by ROS. Most medicinal plants possess a rich source of antioxidants such as flavonoids, phenols, tannins, alkaloids among others. These phytochemicals are currently pursued as an alternative and complimentary drug. In this study, phytochemical components, antioxidant and acute toxicity study of the methanol extract of stem bark and root of F. sycomorus were carried out using standard methods. Findings from this study revealed the presence of some diagnostic microscopical features such as calcium oxalate, starch, gum/mucilage, lignin, Aleurone grain, suberized/Cuticular cell wall and inulin but calcium carbonate was absent in stem bark but present in the powdered root. Quantitative physical constants include moisture contents (6.40% and 7.82%), ash value (7.20% and 9.30 %) in stem bark and root respectively. Carbohydrates, alkaloid, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, glycoside, steroid, triterpenes and phenols were present in all the extracts. They were found to exhibit potent 1,1,-diphenyl 2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) free scavenging activity. The DPPH radical scavenging ability of the extracts showed the following trend Ascorbic acid < stem bark extract˃ root extract. The LD50 of the methanolic stem bark and root extracts were found to be greater than 5000 mg /kg and is considered safe for use. Nonetheless, further

Survey for Tributyltin in Water and Sediment in Canada in 1999

2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 431-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. James Maguire ◽  
Suzanne P. Batchelor
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Pest Control ◽  
Marine Sediments ◽  
Chronic Toxicity ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Benthic Organisms ◽  
Freshwater Sediments ◽  
Antifouling Paints ◽  
Water And Sediment ◽  
Small Craft

Abstract A survey of water and sediment from 152 harbours, marinas and shipping channels across Canada was conducted in 1999 to determine the extent of contamination by tributyltin (TBT) prior to the total ban on its antifouling uses being phased in over the period 2003 to 2008, and to assess the effectiveness of the 1989 regulation of antifouling uses of TBT under the Canadian Pest Control Products Act. TBT was found in sediments in this survey much more frequently than in water. The main conclusion was that by 1999 the regulation had been generally effective in reducing TBT contamination in water, but not sediment, in small-craft marinas and harbours. TBT continued to be found in some freshwater and seawater locations frequented by larger vessels, that could have been legally painted at the time with TBT antifouling paints, at concentrations that could cause chronic toxicity to aquatic organisms. TBT was also found in many marine sediments, and some freshwater sediments, at concentrations that could cause chronic toxicity to sensitive benthic organisms. In addition, TBT concentrations in many marine sediments could cause acute toxicity to sensitive benthic organisms. Because of the long persistence of TBT in sediments, it may pose a hazard to benthic organisms in some locations in Canada for many years after the total ban on antifouling uses of TBT.

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